The present invention concerns a non-dust blend comprising tris(2-t-butylphenyl) phosphite.

The present invention provides a method for efficiently manufacturing a phosphonate ester by phosphonylating an alcohol under mild conditions, and a method for manufacturing a phosphate ester. In the method for manufacturing a phosphonate ester of the present invention, a compound represented by the formula (1) is reacted with a compound represented by the formula (2) in the presence of a zinc catalyst to obtain a compound represented by the formula (3).

##STR00001##

X represents an organic group. R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group. R.sup.2 represents an organic group.

The present invention provides a method for efficiently manufacturing a phosphonate ester by phosphonylating an alcohol under mild conditions, and a method for manufacturing a phosphate ester. In the method for manufacturing a phosphonate ester of the present invention, a compound represented by the formula (1) is reacted with a compound represented by the formula (2) in the presence of a zinc catalyst to obtain a compound represented by the formula (3).

##STR00001##

X represents an organic group. R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group. R.sup.2 represents an organic group.

Additives for energy storage devices comprising phosphorus-containing compounds are disclosed. The energy storage device comprises a first electrode and a second electrode, where at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a Si-based electrode, a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode, and an electrolyte composition. Phosphorus-containing compounds may serve as additives to the first electrode, the second electrode and/or the electrolyte, as well as the separator.

Additives for energy storage devices comprising phosphorus-containing compounds are disclosed. The energy storage device comprises a first electrode and a second electrode, where at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a Si-based electrode, a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode, and an electrolyte composition. Phosphorus-containing compounds may serve as additives to the first electrode, the second electrode and/or the electrolyte, as well as the separator.

Low-pressure hydroformylation of diisobutene

A hydroformylation process for preparing 3,5,5-trimethylhexanal comprising reacting 2,4,4-tri-methylpent-2-ene with H.sub.2 and CO in a reaction zone in the presence of one or more free organ-ophosphite ligands of the general formula (1)

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are each independently H, C.sub.1- to C.sub.9-alkyl or C.sub.1- to C.sub.9-alkoxy and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are not H at the same time, and R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9 and R.sup.10 are each independently H, C.sub.1- to C.sub.9-alkyl or C.sub.1- to C.sub.9-alkoxy and R.sup.6, R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9 and R.sup.10 are not H at the same time, and R.sup.11, R.sup.12, R.sup.13, R.sup.14 and R.sup.15 are each independently H, C.sub.1- to C.sub.9-alkyl or C.sub.1- to C.sub.9-alkoxy and R.sup.11, R.sup.12, R.sup.13, R.sup.14 and R.sup.15 are not H at the same time, and a homogeneous rhodium catalyst complexed with one or more organophosphite ligands of the general formula (I) at a pressure of 1 to 100 bar abs and a temperature of from 50 to 200° C.

A process of stabilizing a bidentate or tridentate phosphorus-based phosphite ester ligand or mixture thereof in a hydrocyanation reaction milieu comprising water, wherein the ligand or ligand mixture comprises one or more of (i) a bidentate biphosphite ligand of formula (III), (R.sup.12—X.sup.12) (R.sup.13—X.sup.13) P—X.sup.14—Y—X.sup.24—P(X.sup.22—R.sup.22) (X.sup.23—R.sup.23) or (ii) a tridentate triphosphite ligand of formula (IIIA) (R.sup.12—X.sup.12) (R.sup.13—X.sup.13) P—X.sup.14—Y—X.sup.32—P(X.sup.34—R.sup.34)—(X.sup.33—Y.sup.2—R.sup.24—P(X.sup.23—R.sup.23)—(X.sup.22—R.sup.22) where each X is oxygen or a bond and each Y is an optionally substituted C6-C20 arylene group, comprising admixing the bidentate and/or tridentate with a stabilizing amount of one or more monodentate phosphite ligand of formula P(X.sup.1—R.sup.1)(X.sup.2—R.sup.2)(X.sup.3—R.sup.3) where each X is oxygen or a bond, wherein the monodentate ligand has a rate of hydrolysis greater than the rate of hydrolysis of the bidentate or tridentate ligand in the presence of water in a hydrocyanation reaction milieu, and thereby preserve concentrations and proportions of the bidentate and/or tridentate ligand(s) in the ligand blend.

A process of stabilizing a bidentate or tridentate phosphorus-based phosphite ester ligand or mixture thereof in a hydrocyanation reaction milieu comprising water, wherein the ligand or ligand mixture comprises one or more of (i) a bidentate biphosphite ligand of formula (III), (R.sup.12—X.sup.12) (R.sup.13—X.sup.13) P—X.sup.14—Y—X.sup.24—P(X.sup.22—R.sup.22) (X.sup.23—R.sup.23) or (ii) a tridentate triphosphite ligand of formula (IIIA) (R.sup.12—X.sup.12) (R.sup.13—X.sup.13) P—X.sup.14—Y—X.sup.32—P(X.sup.34—R.sup.34)—(X.sup.33—Y.sup.2—R.sup.24—P(X.sup.23—R.sup.23)—(X.sup.22—R.sup.22) where each X is oxygen or a bond and each Y is an optionally substituted C6-C20 arylene group, comprising admixing the bidentate and/or tridentate with a stabilizing amount of one or more monodentate phosphite ligand of formula P(X.sup.1—R.sup.1)(X.sup.2—R.sup.2)(X.sup.3—R.sup.3) where each X is oxygen or a bond, wherein the monodentate ligand has a rate of hydrolysis greater than the rate of hydrolysis of the bidentate or tridentate ligand in the presence of water in a hydrocyanation reaction milieu, and thereby preserve concentrations and proportions of the bidentate and/or tridentate ligand(s) in the ligand blend.

Disclosed are nickel-containing complexation precursors having high complexation activity for bidentate processed under various conditions phosphite ligands. Also disclosed are methods of making the complexation precursors. The disclosed method of generating the nickel-containing complexation precursor includes including contacting a nickel starting material with a reductant under conditions sufficient to generate a nickel-containing complexation precursor having at least about 1,500 ppmw sulfur in the form of sulfide.

Disclosed are nickel-containing complexation precursors having high complexation activity for bidentate processed under various conditions phosphite ligands. Also disclosed are methods of making the complexation precursors. The disclosed method of generating the nickel-containing complexation precursor includes including contacting a nickel starting material with a reductant under conditions sufficient to generate a nickel-containing complexation precursor having at least about 1,500 ppmw sulfur in the form of sulfide.