A flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker are disclosed. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker can be synthesized from vanillin obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with phenyl, allyl, epoxide, propylene carbonate, or thioether substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include reacting a diol vanillin derivative and a flame-retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker, and binding the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker to a polymer. The material in the article of manufacture can be flame-retardant, and contain flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers. Examples of materials that can be in the article of manufacture can include resins, plastics, adhesives, polymers, etc.

A flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecule, a process for forming a flame-retardant resin, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains the flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecule are disclosed. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecule can be synthesized from vanillin obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with phenyl, allyl, epoxide, propylene carbonate, or thioether substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant resin can include reacting a vanillin derivative and a flame-retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecule, and binding the flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecule to a resin. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecules can also be bound to polymers. The material in the article of manufacture can be flame-retardant, and contain the flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecules. Examples of materials that can be in the article of manufacture can include resins, plastics, adhesives, polymers, etc.

A flame-retardant vanillin-derived monomer, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains flame-retardant vanillin-derived monomer are disclosed. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived monomer can be synthesized from vanillin obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with phenyl, allyl, epoxide, or propylene carbonate substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include reacting a vanillin derivative and a flame-retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame-retardant vanillin-derived monomer, and then polymerizing the flame-retardant vanillin-derived monomer. The material in the article of manufacture can be flame-retardant, and contain the flame-retardant vanillin-derived monomer. Examples of materials that can be in the article of manufacture can include resins, plastics, adhesives, polymers, etc.

A lithium boron fluorophosphate complex compound including a compound A that is one selected from a group of lithium boron fluorophosphates represented by Formula (I), and a compound B that is one selected from a group of compounds represented by Formulae (II) to (IX). R.sub.0 represents a hydrocarbon group, R.sup.1 to R.sup.7 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent, R.sup.8, R.sup.9, R.sup.10, R.sup.11, and R.sup.13 to R.sup.21 each independently represent a substituent, and R.sup.12, R.sup.22, and R.sup.23 each independently represent a divalent linking group.

##STR00001##

A lithium boron fluorophosphate complex compound including a compound A that is one selected from a group of lithium boron fluorophosphates represented by Formula (I), and a compound B that is one selected from a group of compounds represented by Formulae (II) to (IX). R.sub.0 represents a hydrocarbon group, R.sup.1 to R.sup.7 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent, R.sup.8, R.sup.9, R.sup.10, R.sup.11, and R.sup.13 to R.sup.21 each independently represent a substituent, and R.sup.12, R.sup.22, and R.sup.23 each independently represent a divalent linking group.

##STR00001##

A limonene-based flame-retardant compound, a method of making a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that includes a limonene-based flame-retardant compound are provided. In an embodiment, the method includes forming a limonene-based derivative; forming a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule; reacting the limonene-based derivative with the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule to form a limonene-based flame-retardant compound; and forming a flame-retardant polymer from the limonene-based flame-retardant compound. In some embodiments, the limonene-based flame-retardant compound has variable functionality including vinyl, epoxide, methylene bridges, and thioethers.

A process of forming a resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecule with a phosphonate/phosphinate molecule that includes a chloride group and a terminal functional group.

An additive, a non-aqueous electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery including the same, and a lithium secondary battery including the same are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, an additive includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by Formula 1 and Formula 2. In some embodiments, a non-aqueous electrolyte includes a lithium salt, an organic solvent, and an additive including at least one compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by Formula 1 and Formula 2.

An additive, a non-aqueous electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery including the same, and a lithium secondary battery including the same are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, an additive includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by Formula 1 and Formula 2. In some embodiments, a non-aqueous electrolyte includes a lithium salt, an organic solvent, and an additive including at least one compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by Formula 1 and Formula 2.

A process of forming a resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecule with a phosphonate/phosphinate molecule that includes a chloride group and a terminal functional group.