Several dimethylphosphine sulfide- and phosphine-containing compounds have been discovered that chelate copper(I) with high affinity. In certain embodiments, the compounds can be used to quantify copper(I) in complex biological systems. In another embodiment, the compounds can be used for the treatment of copper(I)-related illnesses and conditions. In still other embodiments, the compounds are ratiometric probes.

A flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, a process for forming a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, and an article of manufacture comprising a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule are disclosed. The flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can be synthesized from arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety. The process for forming the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can include reacting arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid and a flame retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule.

A flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains the flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule are disclosed. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule can be synthesized from vanillin obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with phenyl, allyl, or thioether substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include reacting a diol vanillin derivative and a flame-retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule, and binding the flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule to a polymer. The material in the article of manufacture can be flame-retardant, and contain the flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecules. Examples of materials that can be in the article of manufacture can include resins, plastics, adhesives, polymers, etc.

A flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker are disclosed. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker can be synthesized from vanillin obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with phenyl, allyl, epoxide, propylene carbonate, or thioether substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include reacting a diol vanillin derivative and a flame-retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker, and binding the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker to a polymer. The material in the article of manufacture can be flame-retardant, and contain flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers. Examples of materials that can be in the article of manufacture can include resins, plastics, adhesives, polymers, etc.

A flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, a process for forming a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, and an article of manufacture comprising a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule are disclosed. The flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can be synthesized from arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety. The process for forming the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can include reacting arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid and a flame retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule.

A flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, a process for forming a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, and an article of manufacture comprising a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule are disclosed. The flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can be synthesized from arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety. The process for forming the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can include reacting arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid and a flame retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule.

A flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains the flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule are disclosed. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule can be synthesized from vanillin obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with phenyl, allyl, or thioether substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include reacting a diol vanillin derivative and a flame-retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule, and binding the flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule to a polymer. The material in the article of manufacture can be flame-retardant, and contain the flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecules. Examples of materials that can be in the article of manufacture can include resins, plastics, adhesives, polymers, etc.

A flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived monomer, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains a flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived monomer are disclosed. The flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived monomer can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with functional groups that can participate in a polymerization reaction, such as allyl, epoxy, or propylene carbonate functional groups. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include forming an aconitic acid derivative, forming a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule, and reacting the aconitic acid derivative with the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule to form a flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived monomer, which is then polymerized. The aconitic acid derivative can be synthesized from aconitic acid obtained from a bio-based source. The material in the article of manufacture can be a resin or adhesive, and the article of manufacture can further comprise an electronic component.

A flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived cross-linker, a process for forming a flame-retardant resin, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains a flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived cross-linker are disclosed. The flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived cross-linker can have at least two phosphoryl or phosphonyl moieties with allyl functional groups, epoxy functional groups, propylene carbonate functional group, or functionalized thioether substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include forming an aconitic acid derivative, forming a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule, and reacting the aconitic acid derivative with the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule to form a flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived cross-linker, and binding the cross-linker to a polymer. The aconitic acid derivative can be synthesized from aconitic acid obtained from a bio-based source. Examples of aconitic acid derivatives include carboxysuccinic acid, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-butenediol, and 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-butanediol. The article of manufacture can further comprise an electronic component.

A flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker are disclosed. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker can be synthesized from vanillin obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with phenyl, allyl, epoxide, propylene carbonate, or thioether substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include reacting a diol vanillin derivative and a flame-retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker, and binding the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker to a polymer. The material in the article of manufacture can be flame-retardant, and contain flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers. Examples of materials that can be in the article of manufacture can include resins, plastics, adhesives, polymers, etc.