Examples include a device including a nanovoided polymer element having a first surface and a second surface, a first plurality of electrodes disposed on the first surface, a second plurality of electrodes disposed on the second surface, and a control circuit configured to apply an electrical potential between one or more of the first plurality of electrodes and one or more of the second plurality of electrodes to induce a physical deformation of the nanovoided polymer element.

Examples include a device including a nanovoided polymer element having a first surface and a second surface, a first plurality of electrodes disposed on the first surface, a second plurality of electrodes disposed on the second surface, and a control circuit configured to apply an electrical potential between one or more of the first plurality of electrodes and one or more of the second plurality of electrodes to induce a physical deformation of the nanovoided polymer element.

To provide a composition having a very low refractive index, an organic photoelectronic element using the composition, and simple methods for producing such a composition and an organic photoelectronic element. A composition comprising a fluorinated polymer, an organic semiconductor material and a dopant.

To provide a composition having a very low refractive index, an organic photoelectronic element using the composition, and simple methods for producing such a composition and an organic photoelectronic element. A composition comprising a fluorinated polymer, an organic semiconductor material and a dopant.

A form birefringent optical element includes a structured layer and a dielectric environment disposed over the structured layer. At least one of the structured layer and the dielectric environment includes a nanovoided polymer, the nanovoided polymer having a first refractive index in an unactuated state and a second refractive index different than the first refractive index in an actuated state. Actuation of the nanovoided polymer can be used to reversibly control the form birefringence of the optical element. Various other apparatuses, systems, materials, and methods are also disclosed.

A form birefringent optical element includes a structured layer and a dielectric environment disposed over the structured layer. At least one of the structured layer and the dielectric environment includes a nanovoided polymer, the nanovoided polymer having a first refractive index in an unactuated state and a second refractive index different than the first refractive index in an actuated state. Actuation of the nanovoided polymer can be used to reversibly control the form birefringence of the optical element. Various other apparatuses, systems, materials, and methods are also disclosed.

The invention pertains to a method of making fluoropolymer dispersions using certain polyfunctional perfluoropolyether derivatives including a plurality of ionisable groups selected from the group consisting of —SO.sub.3X.sub.a, —PO.sub.3X.sub.a and —COOX.sub.a, whereas X.sub.a is H, an ammonium group or a monovalent metal, and whereas said groups are comprised as pendant groups in the perfluoropolyether chain, and to fluoropolymer dispersions therefrom.

The invention pertains to a method of making fluoropolymer dispersions using certain polyfunctional perfluoropolyether derivatives including a plurality of ionisable groups selected from the group consisting of —SO.sub.3X.sub.a, —PO.sub.3X.sub.a and —COOX.sub.a, whereas X.sub.a is H, an ammonium group or a monovalent metal, and whereas said groups are comprised as pendant groups in the perfluoropolyether chain, and to fluoropolymer dispersions therefrom.

A graded-index optical element may include a nanovoided material including a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. The nanovoided material may be transparent between the first surface and the second surface. Additionally, the nanovoided material may have a predefined change in effective refractive index in at least one axis due to a change in at least one of nanovoid size or nanovoid distribution along the at least one axis. Various other elements, devices, systems, materials, and methods are also disclosed.

The invention pertains to a method of making fluoropolymer dispersions using certain polyfunctional perfluoropolyether derivatives including a plurality of ionisable groups selected from the group consisting of —SO.sub.3X.sub.a, —PO.sub.3X.sub.a and —COOX.sub.a, whereas X.sub.a is H, an ammonium group or a monovalent metal, and whereas said groups are comprised as pendant groups in the perfluoropolyether chain, and to fluoropolymer dispersions therefrom.