The invention provides a method for polishing or planarizing a substrate of at least one of semiconductor, optical and magnetic substrates. The method includes attaching a polymer-polymer composite polishing pad having a polishing layer to a polishing device. A hydrophilic polymeric matrix forms the polishing layer. Cationic fluoropolymer particles having nitrogen-containing end groups are embedded in the polymeric matrix. A slurry containing anionic particles is applied to the polymer-polymer composite polishing pad and rubbed against the substrate to polish or planarize the substrate with the fluoropolymer particles interacting with the anionic particles to increase polishing removal rate.

A perfluorodiacyl peroxide represented by the following formula (1):
(C.sub.5F.sub.11COO).sub.2   (1).
Also disclosed is a solution containing the perfluorodiacyl peroxide, a polymerization initiator containing the perfluorodiacyl peroxide, a method for producing a polymer which includes polymerizing a radically polymerizable monomer with the perfluorodiacyl peroxide, and a perfluoroacyl chloride represent by the following formula (2):
C.sub.5F.sub.11COCl (2).

A perfluorodiacyl peroxide represented by the following formula (1):
(C.sub.5F.sub.11COO).sub.2   (1).
Also disclosed is a solution containing the perfluorodiacyl peroxide, a polymerization initiator containing the perfluorodiacyl peroxide, a method for producing a polymer which includes polymerizing a radically polymerizable monomer with the perfluorodiacyl peroxide, and a perfluoroacyl chloride represent by the following formula (2):
C.sub.5F.sub.11COCl (2).

A insulated electric wire having an insulating layer containing a fluororesin, the insulated electric wire having a high flexibility with the heat resistance of the fluororesin maintained. The insulated electric wire is obtained by covering a conductor with an insulating layer containing a copolymer of a monomer expressed by a Formula (1) and a monomer expressed by a Formula (2). It is preferable that a copolymerization ratio of the monomer expressed by Formula (2) in the copolymer is at least 10 mass %. Note that Rf represents a perfluoroalkyl group including one or more ether bonds in its structure.

A copolymer containing a tetrafluoroethylene unit and a perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether) unit, wherein the copolymer has a content of the perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether) unit of 2.0 to 2.7% by mass with respect to the whole of the monomer units, a melt flow rate at 372° C. of 0.8 to 7.0 g/10 min, and the number of functional groups of —CF═CF.sub.2, —CF.sub.2H, —COF, —COOH, —COOCH.sub.3, —CONH.sub.2 and —CH.sub.2OH of 50 or less per 10.sup.6 main-chain carbon atoms. Also disclosed is a compression molded article, an extrusion formed article, a transfer molded article, a member to be compressed, a film, a tube and a coated electric wire including the copolymer.

A sealing member containing a copolymer containing tetrafluoroethylene unit and a perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether) unit, wherein the copolymer has a content of the perfluoro (propyl vinyl ether) unit of 4.0 to 6.0% by mass with respect to the whole of the monomer units, a melt flow rate of 26 to 37 g/10 min, and the number of functional groups of —CF═CF.sub.2, —CF.sub.2H, —COF, —COOH, —COOCH.sub.3, —CONH.sub.2 and —CH.sub.2OH of more than 50 per 10.sup.6 main-chain carbon atoms, wherein the sealing member has a thickness of 0.5 to 2.5 mm and a sealing area of 0.5 to 50 cm.sup.2, and wherein the sealing member is in a state of being compressed at a compression deformation rate of 20 to 60%. Also disclosed is a power storage assembly including the sealing member.

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of microbial electrochemical technology, in particular to a graphene-magnetite conductive skeleton electrode, a preparation method and application thereof, and a method for treating petrochemical wastewater. In the present disclosure, the surface roughness of the graphite rod electrode can be increased by the conductive skeleton modified on the surface of the graphite rod electrode, which is beneficial to the enrichment of microorganisms. The increase in the load of microorganisms will mean the amount of electroactive microorganisms will also increase, which will further improve the electron transfer ability, and because the material of the modified layer is a conductive material, it is also more conducive to the transfer of electrons; at the same time, the conductive skeleton modified on the surface of graphite rod electrode can also further enhance the transmission distance of electrons because of the skeleton constructed.

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of microbial electrochemical technology, in particular to a graphene-magnetite conductive skeleton electrode, a preparation method and application thereof, and a method for treating petrochemical wastewater. In the present disclosure, the surface roughness of the graphite rod electrode can be increased by the conductive skeleton modified on the surface of the graphite rod electrode, which is beneficial to the enrichment of microorganisms. The increase in the load of microorganisms will mean the amount of electroactive microorganisms will also increase, which will further improve the electron transfer ability, and because the material of the modified layer is a conductive material, it is also more conducive to the transfer of electrons; at the same time, the conductive skeleton modified on the surface of graphite rod electrode can also further enhance the transmission distance of electrons because of the skeleton constructed.

Copolymers of one or more halogenated olefins and one or more halogenated co-monomers selected from the group consisting of halogenated alkenyl ethers, halogenated alkenyl esters, and halogenated (meth)acrylates are useful in various end-use applications wherein the presence of halogen (e.g., fluorine) in the copolymer imparts one or more desirable properties, as compared to analogous copolymers not containing halogen.

To provide a powder dispersion comprising a tetrafluoroethylene polymer, a particular polyoxyalkylene-modified polydimethylsiloxane and a liquid dispersion medium, and a composite having a baked product having physical properties intrinsic to the tetrafluoroethylene polymer. [Solution] The powder dispersion of the present invention comprises a powder of a tetrafluorethylene polymer, a liquid dispersion medium and a polyoxyalkylene-modified polydimethylsiloxane having a weight average molecular weight of at most 3,000 and an HLB value of from 1 to 18 calculated by Griffin's equation The composite of the present invention is produced by applying the powder dispersion of the present invention to the surface of a substrate and heating the powder dispersion.