The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a first repeat unit that includes ##STR00001##
where x is between 1 and 1,000, inclusively, and R.sub.1 includes at least one of a first hydrocarbon chain and/or a first hydrocarbon ring. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, R.sub.1 may further include at least one of an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, and/or a phosphorus atom.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a first repeat unit that includes ##STR00001##
where x is between 1 and 1,000, inclusively, and R.sub.1 includes at least one of a first hydrocarbon chain and/or a first hydrocarbon ring. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, R.sub.1 may further include at least one of an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, and/or a phosphorus atom.

The present invention relates to a process for producing a toner for development of electrostatic images, including step (1): subjecting a polyhydric alcohol component and a polycarboxylic acid component to polycondensation reaction in the presence of a hydroxy group- or carboxy group-containing hydrocarbon wax (W1) to obtain a non-crystalline resin (A) containing a constitutional component derived from the hydrocarbon wax (W1) and also containing a polyester moiety; step (2): dispersing the non-crystalline resin (A) obtained in the step (1) in an aqueous medium to obtain an aqueous dispersion of resin particles (X); step (3): aggregating the resin particles (X) obtained in the step (2) in an aqueous medium in the presence of a crystalline polyester (B) to obtain aggregated particles; and step (4): coalescing the aggregated particles obtained in the step (3).

The present invention relates to a process for producing a toner for development of electrostatic images, including step (1): subjecting a polyhydric alcohol component and a polycarboxylic acid component to polycondensation reaction in the presence of a hydroxy group- or carboxy group-containing hydrocarbon wax (W1) to obtain a non-crystalline resin (A) containing a constitutional component derived from the hydrocarbon wax (W1) and also containing a polyester moiety; step (2): dispersing the non-crystalline resin (A) obtained in the step (1) in an aqueous medium to obtain an aqueous dispersion of resin particles (X); step (3): aggregating the resin particles (X) obtained in the step (2) in an aqueous medium in the presence of a crystalline polyester (B) to obtain aggregated particles; and step (4): coalescing the aggregated particles obtained in the step (3).

The polymer includes a first structural unit represented by formula (1), a second structural unit represented by formula (2), and a third structural unit represented by formula (3). R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.10 and R.sup.11 each independently represent a halogen atom, a monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a monovalent halogenated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a nitro group or a cyano group; R.sup.3A, R.sup.3B R.sup.4A and R.sup.4B each independently represent a methylene group or an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms; Z.sup.A to Z.sup.D each independently represent —O— or —S—; and L represents a divalent group represented by formula (3-1) or (3-2), wherein R.sup.a represents a divalent alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 30 ring atoms or a divalent fluorinated alicyclic hydrocarbon group having 5 to 30 ring atoms.

##STR00001##

The present invention provides a resin capable of contributing greatly to solve environmental problems and problems related to exhaustion of fossil fuel resources and having physical properties suited for practical use. The polyester according to the present invention has a diol and a dicarboxylic acid as constituent components and has an amount of terminal acid of 50 equivalents/metric ton or less.

The present invention provides a resin capable of contributing greatly to solve environmental problems and problems related to exhaustion of fossil fuel resources and having physical properties suited for practical use. The polyester according to the present invention has a diol and a dicarboxylic acid as constituent components and has an amount of terminal acid of 50 equivalents/metric ton or less.

The present application relates to a Michael Addition curable composition, coating composition containing the same and coated article made therefrom. In particular, the Michael Addition curable composition comprises at least one reactive donor capable of providing two or more nucleophilic carbanions; at least one reactive acceptor comprising two or more carbon-carbon double bonds; and at least one catalyst for catalyzing a Michael Addition crosslinking reaction between the at least one reactive donor and the at least one reactive acceptor, wherein the at least one reactive donor comprises at least one branched polyester comprising at least one polyester backbone and at least one —C(O)—CH.sub.2—C(O)-moiety; wherein the at least one polyester backbone is derived from an alcohol component comprising at least one alcohol having at least three hydroxyl groups; and wherein the at least one branched polyester has a —C(O)—CH.sub.2—C(O)-moiety equivalent of no more than 700 g/mol.

The present application relates to a Michael Addition curable composition, coating composition containing the same and coated article made therefrom. In particular, the Michael Addition curable composition comprises at least one reactive donor capable of providing two or more nucleophilic carbanions; at least one reactive acceptor comprising two or more carbon-carbon double bonds; and at least one catalyst for catalyzing a Michael Addition crosslinking reaction between the at least one reactive donor and the at least one reactive acceptor, wherein the at least one reactive donor comprises at least one branched polyester comprising at least one polyester backbone and at least one —C(O)—CH.sub.2—C(O)-moiety; wherein the at least one polyester backbone is derived from an alcohol component comprising at least one alcohol having at least three hydroxyl groups; and wherein the at least one branched polyester has a —C(O)—CH.sub.2—C(O)-moiety equivalent of no more than 700 g/mol.

A polyester polymer is polymerized from an alcohol component including a diol and a polyol and an acid component including terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid, with the terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid present in a desired molar ratio. The polyester polymer also includes carboxylic acid functional groups, a weight average molecular weight (MW) of at least 5000 Daltons (Da), and an acid value (AV) of 40 to 65. The polyester polymer may be formulated into a water-based coating composition for substrates such as articles of cookware to form a coating that is highly heat resistant and flexible while also providing non-stick properties with good release.