The invention relates to a process and a plant for producing pure hydrogen from an input gas containing hydrogen and hydrocarbons, in particular from a hydrogen-containing refinery off-gas, by steam reforming in a steam reforming stage and multi-stage hydrogen enrichment. According to the invention the input gas containing hydrogen and hydrocarbons is separated in a first hydrogen enrichment stage into a hydrogen-enriched substream and a hydrogen-depleted substream, wherein at least a portion of the hydrogen-enriched substream is supplied to a second hydrogen enrichment stage or introduced into the pure hydrogen product stream and at least a portion of the hydrogen-depleted substream is supplied to the steam reforming stage as a reforming feed stream or as part thereof and/or to the burners as a fuel gas stream.

Processes herein may be used to thermally crack various hydrocarbon feeds, and may eliminate the refinery altogether while making the crude to chemicals process very flexible in terms of crude. In embodiments herein, crude is progressively separated into at least light and heavy fractions. Depending on the quality of the light and heavy fractions, these are routed to one of three upgrading operations, including a fixed bed hydroconversion unit, a fluidized catalytic conversion unit, or a residue hydrocracking unit that may utilize an ebullated bed reactor. Products from the upgrading operations may be used as feed to a steam cracker.

Direct steam injection (DSI) heating techniques can use a heater to heat a process stream in bitumen froth treatment. The DSI heater can include a diffuser with multiple side-by-side rows of outlets perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the diffuser, and a piston plug that moves axially within the diffuser to selectively cover rows of outlets to vary steam injection. The piston plug has first and second annular seals and is moved between different axial positions in a stepwise fashion such that when one or more rows of outlets are completely covered, the first annular seal is located in between adjacent rows and the second annular seal abuts against the diffuser to inhibit passage of steam so as to prevent cavitation. The DSI heater can include various other features, such as particular seal unit constructions and diffuser outlet configurations.

The present invention provides methods and an apparatuses for converting polymeric material into hydrocarbon products.

An H.sub.2-rich fuel gas production plant comprising a syngas production unit can be advantageously integrated with an olefins production plant comprising a steam cracker in at least one of the following: (i) fuel gas supply and consumption; (ii) feed supply and consumption; and (iii) steam supply and consumption, to achieve considerable savings in capital and operational costs, enhanced energy efficiency, and reduced CO.sub.2 emissions, compared to operating the plants separately.

A method is provided for inputting thermal energy into fluidic medium in a process or processes related to oil refining and/or petrochemical industries by at least one rotary apparatus comprising a casing with at least one inlet and at least one exit, a rotor comprising at least one row of rotor blades arranged over a circumference of a rotor hub mounted onto a rotor shaft, and a stator configured as an assembly of stationary vanes arranged at least upstream of the at least one row of rotor blades. In the method, an amount of thermal energy is imparted to a stream of fluidic medium directed along a flow path formed inside the casing between the inlet and the exit by virtue of a series of energy transformations occurring when said stream of fluidic medium passes through stationary and rotating components of said rotary apparatus, respectively. The method further comprises: integration of said at least one rotary apparatus into a heat-consuming process facility configured as a refining and/or petrochemical facility and further configured to carry out heat-consuming process or processes related to refining of oil and/or producing petrochemicals at temperatures essentially equal to or exceeding 500 degrees Celsius (° C.), and conducting an amount of input energy into the at least one rotary apparatus integrated into the heat-consuming process facility, the input energy comprises electrical energy. A rotary apparatus and related uses are further provided.

A method for producing a synthetic fuel from hydrogen and carbon dioxide comprises extracting hydrogen molecules from hydrogen compounds in a hydrogen feedstock to produce a hydrogen-containing fluid stream; extracting carbon dioxide molecules from a dilute gaseous mixture in a carbon dioxide feedstock to produce a carbon dioxide containing fluid stream; and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams to produce a synthetic fuel. At least some thermal energy and/or material used for at least one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams is obtained from thermal energy and/or material produced by another one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams.

The present application relates to a process for cracking a hydrocarbon feedstock, using to the largest extent electrically powered equipment where the power is obtained from renewable sources or low-carbon sources. In particular, it relates to a process for cracking a hydrocarbon feedstock, including bringing the hydrocarbon feedstock and dilution steam to supersonic velocities in the reactor, followed by applying a shockwave to induce cracking of the hydrocarbon feedstock, to convert at least a part of the hydrocarbon mixture to produce olefins.

The present disclosure relates to hydrocarbon pyrolysis of advantaged feeds. The advantaged feeds can comprise hydrocarbon, at least one halogen-containing composition, and at least one metal-containing composition, where the halogen-containing composition and the metal-containing composition are substantially different compositions. The disclosure encompasses steam cracking of advanced feeds comprising hydrocarbon and one or more of chloride-containing compositions, nickel-containing compositions, and vanadium-containing compositions.

Systems and methods of processing pyoil are disclosed. A pyoil is treated by an adsorbent to trap, and/or adsorb gum and/or gum precursors and other heteroatom containing components, thereby removing the gum and/or gum precursors from the pyoil and producing a purified pyoil. The purified pyoil can then be cracked to produce chemicals including olefins and aromatics.