The use as an anti-wear additive and/or friction modifier in a non-aqueous lubricant composition and/or in a fuel composition of at least one long chain fatty acid ester of a hydroxy carboxylic acid in which the long chain fatty acid has at least 4 carbon atoms and the ester is an oil-soluble ester of a mono- or poly-hydroxy carboxylic acid having 1 to 4 groups which are independently carboxylic acid groups or lower hydrocarbyl esters thereof and in which, when the hydroxy carboxylic acid is a mono-hydroxy carboxylic acid, the ester has a long chain fatty acid ester moiety of the hydroxy group of the hydroxy carboxylic acid and, when the hydroxy carboxylic acid is a poly-hydroxy carboxylic acid, the ester has independently long chain fatty acid ester moieties of one or two of the hydroxy groups of the poly-hydroxy carboxylic acid. Also, a non-aqueous lubricant composition and a fuel composition for an internal combustion engine which comprises at least one of said long chain fatty acid esters.

Aviation fuel formulations receive many benefits when a manganese-containing additive is incorporated in that composition. However, to the extent that the use of a manganese-containing compound may result in the formation of engine deposits during combustion, it is beneficial to further provide a scavenger compound to the fuel composition. This scavenger compound may include a phosphorus-containing compound, an organobromide compounds, and/or a tricarbonyl compound.

The present invention relates to the use of a mixture comprising (I) at least one complex ester obtainable by an esterification reaction between (A) at least one aliphatic linear or branched C.sub.2-to C.sub.12-dicarboxylic acid, (B) at least one aliphatic linear or branched polyhydroxy alcohol with 3 to 6 hydroxyl groups, and (C) as a chain stopping agent (C1) at least one aliphatic linear or branched C.sub.1-to C.sub.30-monocarboxylic acid in case of an excess of component (B), or (C2) at least one aliphatic linear or branched monobasic C.sub.1-to C.sub.30-alcohol in case of an excess of component (A), and (II) at least one aliphatic monocarboxylic acid having from 12 to 30 carbon atoms in a weight ratio of (I):(II) of from 20 to 80:80 to 20 as an additive in a fuel for different purposes.

A fuel additive composition has a base fuel; colloidal nanocarbon particles, and a dispersion stabilizer that aids in stably suspending the colloidal nanocarbon particles in the base fuel. This abstract is not to be considered limiting, since other embodiments may deviate from the features described in this abstract.

This application relates to phase behaviors of certain triacylglycerols and fatty acid methyl esters, and how the phase behaviors of these individual components in a biodiesel fuel, as well as their combined mixtures, helps understand the fundamental mechanisms of their crystallization so as to design biodiesel fuels with improved low temperature characteristics.

A composition containing diesel (e.g., containing less than about 15 ppm sulfur) and fatty acid methyl ester/maleic anhydride/esters (FAME/MA/esters), wherein the FAME/MA/esters are prepared by a method involving reacting FAME with MA to form FAME/MA and reacting FAME/MA with alkyl alcohol to form FAME/MA/esters; wherein the FAME is conjugated. The FAME/MA/esters are produced from tung oil or from plant oils in which the unsaturated fatty acids have been converted to conjugated fatty acids. Also a method of improving the lubricity of diesel, involving combining diesel and FAME/MA/esters, wherein the FAME/MA/esters are prepared by a method involving reacting FAME with MA to form FAME/MA and reacting FAME/MA with alkyl alcohol to form FAME/MA/esters; wherein the FAME is conjugated.

The present invention relates to the use of a mixture comprising (I) at least one complex ester obtainable by an esterification reaction between (A) at least one aliphatic linear or branched C.sub.2-to C.sub.12-dicarboxylic acid, (B) at least one aliphatic linear or branched polyhydroxy alcohol with 3 to 6 hydroxyl groups, and (C)as a chain stopping agent (C1) at least one aliphatic linear or branched C.sub.1-to C.sub.30-monocarboxylic acid in case of an excess of component (B), or (C2) at least one aliphatic linear or branched monobasic C.sub.1-to C.sub.30 -alcohol in case of an excess of component (A), and (II) at least one aliphatic monocarboxylic acid having from 12 to 30 carbon atoms in a weight ratio of (I):(II) of from 20 to 80:80 to 20 as an additive in a fuel for different purposes.

The use of a complex ester obtainable by esterification reaction between aliphatic linear or branched C.sub.2- to C.sub.12-dicarboxylic acids, aliphatic linear or branched polyhydroxy alcohols with 3 to 6 hydroxyl groups, and, as chain stopping agents, aliphatic linear or branched C.sub.1- to C.sub.30-monocarboxylic acids or aliphatic linear or branched monobasic C.sub.1- to C.sub.30-alcohols, as an additive in a fuel for minimization of power loss in the operation of an internal combustion engine with this fuel.

The use of a complex ester obtainable by esterification reaction between aliphatic linear or branched C.sub.2- to C.sub.12-dicarboxylic acids, aliphatic linear or branched polyhydroxy alcohols with 3 to 6 hydroxyl groups, and, as chain stopping agents, aliphatic linear or branched C.sub.1- to C.sub.30-monocarboxylic acids or aliphatic linear or branched monobasic C.sub.1- to C.sub.30-alcohols, as an additive in a fuel for minimization of power loss in the operation of an internal combustion engine with this fuel.

A number of variations may include a product including a fluid additive including at least one asphaltene dispersant/inhibitor including a branched dendritic core and at least one carboxylic acid moiety.