Disclosed are multifunctional compounds represented by structural formula (I): ##STR00001##
methods of producing compounds represented by structural formula (I) and their use in inhibiting corrosion in corrodible material.

Methods are provided for accurately blending biodiesel into distillate streams to achieve a pre-determined percentage of biodiesel in the distillate, applicable to wild-type distillate streams as well as distillate streams that already contain some percentage of biodiesel.

A distillation apparatus for use in microwave-assisted pyrolysis includes a microwave, a pyrolysis reactor, a microwave-absorbent bed, and a condenser. The pyrolysis reactor is located within the microwave and configured to receive a liquid input stream and to output a vapor. The microwave-absorbent bed is located within the pyrolysis reactor that converts microwave energy provided by the microwave to thermal energy to initiate pyrolysis within the pyrolysis reactor, wherein the pyrolysis reactor provides a vapor output. The condenser is configured to receive the vapor output of the pyrolysis reactor and to cool and condense the vapor into a recoverable product.

Disclosed is a liquid biofuel comprising carbonaceous material particles having a D50 ranging from 0.1 μm to 200 μm suspended in a liquid biodiesel composition.

The present invention relates to an aviation fuel composition comprising an aviation range fuel component and a diesel range fuel component originating from renewable sources, the diesel range fuel component having a cloud point of at most about −20° C. and existent gum more than about 7 mg/100 ml, wherein existent gum of the aviation fuel composition is at most about 7 mg/100 ml.

A method of producing a hydrocarbon fuel from a soapstock includes supplying a pyrolysis reactor that includes a microwave absorbent bed susceptible to microwave irradiation, applying microwave energy to the pyrolysis reactor, wherein the microwave absorbent bed converts the microwave energy to thermal energy, supplying the soapstock to the microwave absorbent bed, and condensing a vapor generated by pyrolysis of the soapstock sufficient to collect the hydrocarbon fuel.

The present invention concerns a catalyst and pre-treatment process for acidic charges consisting of sulfated zirconia and cerium for the production of biofuels, characterized in that the catalyst has greater activity and resistance to deactivation with acidic charges.

A composition comprising at least one fuel that is a diesel fuel, a biodiesel fuel, or combinations thereof and less than 100 ppm, less than 50 ppm (or less than 25 ppm, less than 10 ppm, 1 to 7 ppm, or 5 to 7 ppm) of an alkylene-coupled C.sub.10 to C.sub.60 (or C.sub.10 to C.sub.40, C.sub.14 to C.sub.32 or C.sub.24 to C.sub.28) alkylphenol; 25 to 500 ppm (or 50 to 500 ppm, or 150 to 450 ppm or 250 to 450 ppm, or 250 to 400 ppm) of a terpolymer; and 5 to 90 ppm, (or 10 to 70 ppm, to 60 ppm, or 10 to 55 ppm) of hydrocarbyl-substituted amine detergent having at least one tertiary amino group.

Methods of reducing the cold filter plugging point (“CFPP”) of a fuel, said method comprising adding the following components: less than 100 ppm, less than 50 ppm (or less than 25 ppm; less than 10 ppm, 1 to 7 ppm, or 5 to 7 ppm) of an alkylene-coupled C.sub.10 to C.sub.60 (or C.sub.10 to C.sub.40, C.sub.14 to C.sub.32 or C.sub.24 to C.sub.28) alkylphenol; 25 to 500 ppm (or 50 to 500 ppm, or 150 to 450 ppm or 250 to 450 ppm, or 250 to 400 ppm) of a terpolymer; and 5 to 90 ppm, (or 10 to 70 ppm, to 60 ppm, or 10 to 55 ppm) of hydrocarbyl-substituted amine detergent having at least one tertiary amino group.

Uses of a fuel additive composition to reduce the cold filter plugging point (“CFPP”) of a fuel, wherein the fuel additive composition comprises: 0.2 to 3 wt % of an alkylene-coupled C.sub.10 to C.sub.60 (or C.sub.10 to C.sub.40, C.sub.14 to C.sub.32 or C.sub.24 to C.sub.28) alkylphenol; 10 to 50 wt % of a terpolymer; and 2 to 10 wt % of hydrocarbyl-substituted amine detergent having at least one tertiary amino group; and an optional solvent.

The present invention relates to processes for producing industrial products such as hydrocarbon products from non-polar lipids in a vegetative plant part. Preferred industrial products include alkyl esters which may be blended with petroleum based fuels.

Lubricity additives for hydrocarbon fuels are presented according to formula I:

R.sup.1[(—O—R.sup.2).sub.n-Q].sub.p  (I)

wherein p is 3 or greater; each n is independently selected from integers equal to 2 or greater; R.sup.1 is a C3-C20 aliphatic hydrocarbon group of valence p which is branched or linear and which is substituted or unsubstituted; each R.sup.2 is independently selected from C2-C20 divalent aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon groups which are branched or linear and which are substituted or unsubstituted; and each Q is independently selected from —NH.sub.2 or a moiety according to formula II:

##STR00001##

wherein each R.sup.3 is independently selected from C8-C60 alkenyl groups which are substituted or unsubstituted, providing that at least one Q is the moiety according to formula II.