A water-soluble metalworking fluid composition and a method of using the same. The water-soluble metalworking fluid composition has the components (A), (B), and (C), where (A) is a fatty acid having a carbon atom number of 9-11, (B) is an unsaturated fatty acid having a carbon atom number of 16-22, and (C) is a polymeric fatty acid having an acid value of 10-200 mgKOH/g. (A) is 1-20 mass %, (B) is 30-60 mass %, and (C) is 35-55 mass %, based on the total amount of the components (A), (B) and (C). The water-soluble metalworking fluid composition maintains the workability while improving the mechanical fouling.

The present invention is directed to compounds represented by the formula: Formula (i) wherein R.sub.1 comprises a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms; wherein R.sub.2 comprises an alkylene group, an arylene group, or a heterocyclic group; and wherein M comprises a monovalent metallic cation such as sodium, lithium, or potassium; or a multivalent metallic cation such as zinc, nickel, iron, titanium, or cobalt; or an ammonium or alkyl ammonium cation derived by addition of proton (s) to a nitrogenous base.

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The present invention is directed to compounds represented by the formula: Formula (i) wherein R.sub.1 comprises a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms; wherein R.sub.2 comprises an alkylene group, an arylene group, or a heterocyclic group; and wherein M comprises a monovalent metallic cation such as sodium, lithium, or potassium; or a multivalent metallic cation such as zinc, nickel, iron, titanium, or cobalt; or an ammonium or alkyl ammonium cation derived by addition of proton (s) to a nitrogenous base. ##STR00001##

Provided are a lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engine capable of preventing a deterioration of the combustion state of a spark-ignition internal combustion engine, specifically, a lubricating oil composition to be used for a spark-ignition internal combustion engine in which a total tension per piston of tensions applied to the piston ring is 100 N or less, the lubricating oil composition being a lubricating oil composition including a base oil, (A) a calcium-based detergent, at least one selected from (B1) a sodium-based additive and (B2) a magnesium-based additive, and (C) an ash-free sulfur-based additive in predetermined contents; a method for producing the lubricating oil composition; a spark-ignition internal combustion engine using the lubricating oil composition; and a method for lubricating the internal combustion engine.

The invention relates to compositions including esters of polyvalent alcohols that are esterified with fatty acids, partially unsaturated, from plant oils, and to the use thereof as cooling and insulating fluids for transformers.