The invention relates generally to methods of producing a protein comprising a first unnatural amino acid (UAA) and a second, different UAA, and proteins comprising a first UAA and a second, different UAA.

The invention relates generally to engineered tRNAs, engineered aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, unnatural amino acids, and cells comprising the same, and their use in the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins.

The invention relates generally to engineered tRNAs, engineered aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, unnatural amino acids, and cells comprising the same, and their use in the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins.

The present invention relates to a composition comprising the UNE-L domain of leucyl-tRNA synthetase as an effective ingredient for increasing muscle. More particularly, the UNE-L domain of LRS according to the present invention, which is a region that controls activity of Vps34, activates mTORC1 involved in protein synthesis and increases myocyte differentiation and muscle fiber regeneration, thus finding useful application in muscle augmentation.

The present invention relates to a composition comprising the UNE-L domain of leucyl-tRNA synthetase as an effective ingredient for increasing muscle. More particularly, the UNE-L domain of LRS according to the present invention, which is a region that controls activity of Vps34, activates mTORC1 involved in protein synthesis and increases myocyte differentiation and muscle fiber regeneration, thus finding useful application in muscle augmentation.

The invention provides novel compounds and methods for site-specific incorporation of citrulline into peptides and proteins in mammalian cells. The invention also relates to modified peptides and proteins with site specific citrullination and pharmaceutical compositions and methods of preparation and use thereof.

The invention provides aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, compositions thereof, and methods for use thereof.

The present invention relates to nanoparticles comprising aminoacyl tRNA synthetase and an anticancer composition comprising the same and, specifically, to nanoparticles which comprise glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GRS), leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LRS), and isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (IRS), and have anticancer or immunostimulating activity; a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating cancer, comprising the nanoparticles as an active ingredient; a composition for immunostimulation; and a method for preparing the nanoparticles.

The present invention relates to a method for producing eukaryotic cell lysates for cell-free protein synthesis comprising at least one exogenous enzyme, wherein the method comprises at least the following steps: a) providing eukaryotic cells transfected with at least one donor template coding for at least one exogenous enzyme which is selected from the group comprising orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and viral RNA polymerases: b) cultivating the transfected cells of step a) for a predetermined period of time and subsequently harvesting the cells; and c) disrupting the harvested cells and preparing a cell lysate for cell-free protein synthesis therefrom. More specifically, the invention relates to a method for producing eukaryotic cell lysates which are capable of cell-free synthesis of a target protein comprising a non-canonical amino acid, wherein the method comprises at least the following steps: a) providing eukaryotic cells transfected with at least one donor template coding for an orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. i.e. an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase which is specific for a tRNA which is not recognized by endogenous aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase in said eukaryotic cells and is specific for a corresponding non-canonical amino acid: b) cultivating the transfected cells of step a) for a predetermined period of time and subsequently harvesting the cells; and c) disrupting the harvested cells and preparing a cell lysate therefrom. Further aspects of the present invention relate in particular to eukaryotic cell lysates obtainable by the above methods as well as to a method for performing cell-free synthesis of a target protein comprising a non-canonical amino acid.

This invention relates to an unnatural amino acid-based ionic liquid, and preparation methods and applications thereof. It specifically provides a combination for preparing a protein comprising an unnatural amino acid, comprising: (1) one or more aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases capable of binding to a mutated tRNA; (2) one or more mutated tRNAs with an anti-codon loop mutated to complement a termination codon; (3) various unnatural amino acid-based ionic liquids. The combination can be used for recombinant expression of a target protein comprising an unnatural amino acid. The unnatural amino acid-based ionic liquids can improve the read-through efficiency of the genetic codon expansion system for a premature termination codon (PTC) and/or the incorporation efficiency of unnatural amino acids.