An annealing separator composition for a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention contains a composite metal oxide containing Mg and a metal M, wherein the metal M is one or more of Be, Ca, Ba, Sr, Sn, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn.

A permanent magnet may include a Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 phase in a strained state. In some examples, strain may be preserved within the permanent magnet by a technique that includes etching an iron nitride-containing workpiece including Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 to introduce texture, straining the workpiece, and annealing the workpiece. In some examples, strain may be preserved within the permanent magnet by a technique that includes applying at a first temperature a layer of material to an iron nitride-containing workpiece including Fe.sub.16N.sub.2, and bringing the layer of material and the iron nitride-containing workpiece to a second temperature, where the material has a different coefficient of thermal expansion than the iron nitride-containing workpiece. A permanent magnet including an Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 phase with preserved strain also is disclosed.

A permanent magnet may include a Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 phase in a strained state. In some examples, strain may be preserved within the permanent magnet by a technique that includes etching an iron nitride-containing workpiece including Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 to introduce texture, straining the workpiece, and annealing the workpiece. In some examples, strain may be preserved within the permanent magnet by a technique that includes applying at a first temperature a layer of material to an iron nitride-containing workpiece including Fe.sub.16N.sub.2, and bringing the layer of material and the iron nitride-containing workpiece to a second temperature, where the material has a different coefficient of thermal expansion than the iron nitride-containing workpiece. A permanent magnet including an Fe.sub.16N.sub.2 phase with preserved strain also is disclosed.

Disclosed is a method for manufacturing high-carbon bearing steel, which include: heating a billet at a temperature of about 950 to 1,050° C. for about 70 to 120 minutes, rolling the billet to manufacture a wire rod, winding the wire rod to manufacture a wire rod coil, cooling the wire rod coil, and subsequently heat treating the wire rod coil for spheroidizing and carbonitriding, respectively. The bearing steel may include an amount of about 0.9 to 1.3 wt % of carbon (C), an amount of about 1.1 to 1.6 wt % of silicon (Si), an amount of about 1.0 to 1.5 wt % of manganese (Mn), an amount of about 1.5 to 1.9 wt % of chromium (Cr), an amount of about 0.2 to 0.6 wt % of nickel (Ni), an amount of about 0.1 to 0.3 wt % of molybdenum (Mo), and the balance iron (Fe) based on the total weight thereof.

A grain-oriented electrical steel sheet that includes a base coating with a high TiN ratio advantageous for the application of tension to the steel sheet and has excellent magnetic property is provided. The grain-oriented electrical steel sheet includes: a base coating having a peak value PTiN of TiN in the form of osbornite, observed in a range of 42°<2θ<43° and a peak value PMg.sub.2SiO.sub.4 of Mg.sub.2SiO.sub.4 in the form of forsterite, observed in a range of 35°<2θ<36° of both more than 0 and satisfying a relationship PTiN≧PMg.sub.2SiO.sub.4, in thin-film X-ray diffraction analysis; and an iron loss W.sub.17/50 of 1.0 W/kg or less.

A bolt of the present invention has a composition comprising: 0.50 mass % or greater and 0.65 mass % or less of carbon (C), 1.5 mass % or greater and 2.5 mass % or less of silicon (Si), 1.0 mass % or greater and 2.0 mass % or less of chromium (Cr), 0.2 mass % or greater and 1.0 mass % or less of manganese (Mn), 1.5 mass % or greater and 5.0 mass % or less of molybdenum (Mo), wherein a total amount of phosphorous (P) and sulfur (S) as impurities is 0.03 mass % or less, the remaining is iron (Fe), and the bolt comprises an iron based oxide film with a film thickness of 3 μm or greater and 20 μm or less on the surface thereof. The bolt has excellent delayed fracture resistance and reliably provides a fastening axial force.

Method for producing direct reduced metal material, comprising the steps: a) charging metal material (142) to be reduced into a furnace space (120); b) providing heat and a reducing gas into the furnace space (120), so that heated reducing gas heats the charged metal material (142) to a temperature high enough so that metal oxides present in the charged metal material (142) are reduced, in turn causing water vapour to be formed; and c) condensing and collecting the water vapour formed in step c in a condenser (280); The method is characterised in that, in step a), the metal material (142) is charged onto a gas-permeable floor (151), in that the reducing gas is circulated in a closed loop upwards through said floor (151), through the charged metal material (142), and further via said condenser (280) and a gas forced circulation device (250), and in that the method further comprises the step d) supplying additional reducing gas to achieve and/or maintain a predetermined pressure in said furnace space (120). The invention also relates to a system.

Method and system for producing direct reduced metal material, comprising the steps: a) charging metal material to be reduced into a furnace space (120); b) evacuating an existing atmosphere from the furnace space to achieve a gas pressure of less than 1 bar therein, c) providing heat and hydrogen gas into the furnace space, so that heated hydrogen gas heats the charged metal material to a temperature high enough so that metal oxides present in the metal material are reduced, in turn causing water vapour to be formed, which hydrogen gas provision is performed so that a pressure of more than 1 bar builds up inside the furnace space; and d) before evacuating the built up overpressure, condensing and collecting the water vapour formed in step c in a condenser (160) below the charged metal material. The invention is characterised in that it further comprises the step e) before evacuating the build up overpressure, providing a carbon-containing gas to the furnace space, so that the heated and reduced metal material is carburized by said carbon-containing gas.

Functionalized textile materials are provided. At least a portion of a textile surface in includes a ceramic material, such as a binderless porous structured ceramic, and optionally, one or more functional layer is applied, resulting in a textile material with one or more desirable functional properties, such as hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, flame retardancy, photocatalysis, anti-fouling, and/or deodorant properties.

Functionalized textile materials are provided. At least a portion of a textile surface in includes a ceramic material, such as a binderless porous structured ceramic, and optionally, one or more functional layer is applied, resulting in a textile material with one or more desirable functional properties, such as hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, flame retardancy, photocatalysis, anti-fouling, and/or deodorant properties.