The present disclosure relates to a titanium or titanium alloy member and to a surface hardening method for the titanium or titanium alloy member. The titanium or titanium alloy member includes a base material of titanium or titanium alloy, and at a surface of the base material, a hardened layer formed by diffusion of oxygen into the surface. The method includes: a heating step of heating the titanium or titanium alloy base material of the member to a predetermined temperature under an inert gas atmosphere; a hardening step of introducing (i) a mixed gas including an inert gas, and (ii) oxygen gas as a hardening treatment gas, to perform hardening treatment of the surface of the base material; and a cooling step of cooling the base material down to room temperature under the inert gas atmosphere.

A bolt of the present invention has a composition comprising: 0.50 mass % or greater and 0.65 mass % or less of carbon (C), 1.5 mass % or greater and 2.5 mass % or less of silicon (Si), 1.0 mass % or greater and 2.0 mass % or less of chromium (Cr), 0.2 mass % or greater and 1.0 mass % or less of manganese (Mn), 1.5 mass % or greater and 5.0 mass % or less of molybdenum (Mo), wherein a total amount of phosphorous (P) and sulfur (S) as impurities is 0.03 mass % or less, the remaining is iron (Fe), and the bolt comprises an iron based oxide film with a film thickness of 3 μm or greater and 20 μm or less on the surface thereof. The bolt has excellent delayed fracture resistance and reliably provides a fastening axial force.

Some embodiments include a method of forming a conductive structure. A metal-containing conductive material is formed over a supporting substrate. A surface of the metal-containing conductive material is exposed to at least one radical form of hydrogen and to at least one oxidant. The exposure alters at least a portion of the metal-containing conductive material to thereby form at least a portion of the conductive structure. Some embodiments include a conductive structure which has a metal-containing conductive material with a first region adjacent to a second region. The first region has a greater concentration of one or both of fluorine and boron relative to the second region.

Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to protective coatings on aerospace components and methods for depositing the protective coatings. In one or more embodiments, a method for producing a protective coating on an aerospace component includes depositing a metal oxide template layer on the aerospace component containing nickel and aluminum (e.g., nickel-aluminum superalloy) and heating the aerospace component containing the metal oxide template layer during a thermal process and/or an oxidation process. The thermal process and/or oxidation process includes diffusing aluminum contained within the aerospace component towards a surface of the aerospace component containing the metal oxide template layer, oxidizing the diffused aluminum to produce an aluminum oxide layer disposed between the aerospace component and the metal oxide template layer, and removing at least a portion of the metal oxide template layer while leaving the aluminum oxide layer.

An open-pored metal body, which is formed having a core layer (A) consisting of Ni, Co, Fe, Cu, Ag or an alloy formed having one of said chemical elements, wherein one of said chemical elements is present in the alloy at more than 25 at %, and a gradated layer (B) is formed on surfaces of the core layer (A), said gradated layer being formed by intermetallic phase or mixed crystals of Al, and a layer (C), which is formed having aluminum oxide, is formed on the gradated layer (B).

An open-pored metal body, which is formed having a core layer (A) consisting of Ni, Co, Fe, Cu, Ag or an alloy formed having one of said chemical elements, wherein one of said chemical elements is present in the alloy at more than 25 at %, and a gradated layer (B) is formed on surfaces of the core layer (A), said gradated layer being formed by intermetallic phase or mixed crystals of Al, and a layer (C), which is formed having aluminum oxide, is formed on the gradated layer (B).

Methods for forming micro- and/or nano-structures on the surfaces of a device and devices made thereby. The methods include exposing the surfaces of the device having an initial microstructure to an oxidizing environment at a first elevated temperature so as to form a first oxide scale on the device surfaces, exposing the first oxide scale to a reducing agent at a second elevated temperature so as to convert or partially convert the first oxide scale into a composite scale that includes a second oxide and a first metal, and exposing the composite scale to a dissolution agent that selectively dissolves part or all of the second oxide so as to yield a porous surface layer that includes the first metal.

Methods for forming micro- and/or nano-structures on the surfaces of a device and devices made thereby. The methods include exposing the surfaces of the device having an initial microstructure to an oxidizing environment at a first elevated temperature so as to form a first oxide scale on the device surfaces, exposing the first oxide scale to a reducing agent at a second elevated temperature so as to convert or partially convert the first oxide scale into a composite scale that includes a second oxide and a first metal, and exposing the composite scale to a dissolution agent that selectively dissolves part or all of the second oxide so as to yield a porous surface layer that includes the first metal.

The present invention relates to a method for producing a substrate (2) which is coated with an alkali metal (1), in which method a promoter layer (3) which is composed of a material which reacts with the alkali metal (1) by at least partial chemical reduction of the promoter layer (3) is applied to a surface of the substrate (2) and a surface of the promoter layer (3) is acted on by an alkali metal (1) and then the alkali metal (1) is converted into the solid phase and a coating containing the alkali metal is formed.

A method for treating an inner wall surface of a treatment object uses a treatment object that is at least one of a container housing an ozone gas, a treatment container housing an object to be subjected to a surface treatment using an ozone gas and a pipe configured to supply an ozone gas. The method for treating an inner wall surface of a treatment object includes the steps of: determining whether an abnormal part is present in the inner wall surface of the treatment object or not; and distributing an ozone gas having a concentration of 10% by volume or more and 30% by volume or less and a temperature of 60° C. or less such that the ozone gas contacts the inner wall surface of the treatment object after the step of determining whether an abnormal part is present or not.