A method for making a container includes forming a first cavity of a container by shaping an inner wall so that a first surface of the inner wall defines the first cavity; forming a second cavity of the container by shaping an outer wall so that a third surface of the outer wall surrounds a second surface of the inner wall such that together the third and second surfaces define the second cavity; and connecting the inner and outer walls together. The method then includes forming a hole through the outer wall to expose the second cavity to the outside ambient environment and then applying an enamel coating, while preventing the enamel coating from being deposited in the hole. After the enamel coating is applied, the method includes heating the container to glaze the enamel coating and fix the coating to the one or more surfaces.

A method for making a container includes forming a first cavity of a container by shaping an inner wall so that a first surface of the inner wall defines the first cavity; forming a second cavity of the container by shaping an outer wall so that a third surface of the outer wall surrounds a second surface of the inner wall such that together the third and second surfaces define the second cavity; and connecting the inner and outer walls together. The method then includes forming a hole through the outer wall to expose the second cavity to the outside ambient environment and then applying an enamel coating, while preventing the enamel coating from being deposited in the hole. After the enamel coating is applied, the method includes heating the container to glaze the enamel coating and fix the coating to the one or more surfaces.

Bulk paint and ceramic powder systems, methods of forming same, and methods of forming a flexible ceramic coating on a metal substrate are disclosed. The systems may include a ceramic composition having between 2 to 30 weight percent of an alkali metal oxide, such as K.sub.2O, Na.sub.2O, and Li.sub.2O or mixtures thereof, between 10 to 74 weight percent SiO.sub.2, and between 23 to 79 weight percent B.sub.2O.sub.3. Additives that are nonwetting with molten metals, such as boron nitride, provide durable coatings for metal processing operations. The ceramic composition may include less than 5 weight percent additional metal oxides. The bulk paint system further may include water and a cellulosic suspension agent to form a bulk paint. The ceramic powder system may be processed to form a uniform powder. The bulk paint or uniform powder may be applied to a metal substrate, such as a ferrous metal substrate, dried, and heated to form a flexible coating on the metal substrate.

Bulk paint and ceramic powder systems, methods of forming same, and methods of forming a flexible ceramic coating on a metal substrate are disclosed. The systems may include a ceramic composition having between 2 to 30 weight percent of an alkali metal oxide, such as K.sub.2O, Na.sub.2O, and Li.sub.2O or mixtures thereof, between 10 to 74 weight percent SiO.sub.2, and between 23 to 79 weight percent B.sub.2O.sub.3. Additives that are nonwetting with molten metals, such as boron nitride, provide durable coatings for metal processing operations. The ceramic composition may include less than 5 weight percent additional metal oxides. The bulk paint system further may include water and a cellulosic suspension agent to form a bulk paint. The ceramic powder system may be processed to form a uniform powder. The bulk paint or uniform powder may be applied to a metal substrate, such as a ferrous metal substrate, dried, and heated to form a flexible coating on the metal substrate.

An assembly includes a metal member containing a glass-forming component and a glass member bonded to the metal member in a glass-to-metal seal.

Ceramics are capable of reducing color irregularities and uneven coating, hard to dissolve into glaze, and excellent in fixation. A water-based paint contains a coloring material, first cellulose nanofibers having a lignin content of 20 to 40 mass % and a water retention of 150 to 300%, and second cellulose nanofibers having a higher viscosity compared to the first cellulose nanofibers, and the water-based paint has a B-type viscosity of 600 cps or higher. Ceramic ware or glassware or the like having painting made on a green body of which surface is formed of silicic acid or silicate compound as a main component, with the water-based paint.

A metallic laminate shaped flow path member has both a surface roughness of a flow path inner surface and corrosion resistance at such a level as to be utilizable as a flow path member for use in a supply line for a corrosive fluid in a semiconductor device manufacturing apparatus. A metallic substrate constituting the metallic laminate shaped flow path member has surface irregularities, the inner surface of the flow path of the metallic laminate shaped flow path member is formed with a glass coating layer in such a manner as to fill at least recessed regions of the surface irregularities of the metallic substrate, and the glass coating layer includes at least one of a layer of a P.sub.2O.sub.5—ZnO—Al.sub.2O.sub.3 based glass, a layer of a Bi.sub.2O.sub.3—ZnO—B.sub.2O.sub.3 based glass, and a layer of an SiO.sub.2—B.sub.2O.sub.3—Na.sub.2O based glass.

In some embodiments, a method of forming a structure includes: forming a liquid oxide material at a low temperature by dissolving fumed nanoparticles in a liquid hydrate of a silicate or an aluminate; applying the liquid oxide material on a substrate; and at a low temperature, curing the liquid oxide material to evolve gaseous water, leaving structural silicate glass.

In some embodiments, a method of forming a structure includes: forming a liquid oxide material at a low temperature by dissolving fumed nanoparticles in a liquid hydrate of a silicate or an aluminate; applying the liquid oxide material on a substrate; and at a low temperature, curing the liquid oxide material to evolve gaseous water, leaving structural silicate glass.

Bulk paint and ceramic powder systems, methods of forming same, and methods of forming a flexible ceramic coating on a metal substrate are disclosed. The systems may include a ceramic composition having between 2 to 30 weight percent of an alkali metal oxide, such as K.sub.2O, Na.sub.2O, and Li.sub.2O or mixtures thereof, between 10 to 74 weight percent SiO.sub.2, and between 23 to 79 weight percent B.sub.2O.sub.3. Additives that are nonwetting with molten metals, such as boron nitride, provide durable coatings for metal processing operations. The ceramic composition may include less than 5 weight percent additional metal oxides. The bulk paint system further may include water and a cellulosic suspension agent to form a bulk paint. The ceramic powder system may be processed to form a uniform powder. The bulk paint or uniform powder may be applied to a metal substrate, such as a ferrous metal substrate, dried, and heated to form a flexible coating on the metal substrate.