The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method, system and composition producing a magnetic carbon nanomaterial product that may comprise carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at least some of which are magnetic CNTs (mCNTs). The method and apparatus employ carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) as a reactant in an electrolysis reaction in order to make mCNTs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a magnetic additive component is included as a reactant in the method and as a portion of one or more components in the system or composition to facilitate a magnetic material addition process, a carbide nucleation process or both during the electrosynthesis reaction for making magnetic carbon nanomaterials.

A separator plate for an electrochemical system, comprising a first and a second metal layer arranged with flat sides adjacent to each other. The first and the second metal layer each having at least one through-opening for supplying and/or discharging a fluid. Circumferential edges of the through-openings are formed at least in part by a half-bead. An open edge of the half-bead is angled so as to form a collar.

In a spacer of an intermediate chamber in an electrolysis vessel, a cathode-side hole that is arranged in a cathode-side grid and an anode-side hole that is arranged in an anode-side grid and is positioned side-by-side with the cathode-side hole with each other in a first direction are misaligned with each other in a second direction that is orthogonal to the first direction. The cathode-side grid and the anode-side grid guide an electrolytic solution flowing into the intermediate chamber from one side of the second direction toward the other side of the second direction while allowing the electrolytic solution to flow along a serpentine course in the first direction by alternately guiding the electrolytic solution to the cathode-side hole and the anode-side hole which are misaligned with each other in the second direction.

In a spacer of an intermediate chamber in an electrolysis vessel, a cathode-side hole that is arranged in a cathode-side grid and an anode-side hole that is arranged in an anode-side grid and is positioned side-by-side with the cathode-side hole with each other in a first direction are misaligned with each other in a second direction that is orthogonal to the first direction. The cathode-side grid and the anode-side grid guide an electrolytic solution flowing into the intermediate chamber from one side of the second direction toward the other side of the second direction while allowing the electrolytic solution to flow along a serpentine course in the first direction by alternately guiding the electrolytic solution to the cathode-side hole and the anode-side hole which are misaligned with each other in the second direction.

An electrochemical cell of an electrochemical hydrogen compressor is provided with a first flow field member having a hydrogen gas flow field and a second flow field member having a water channel. The first flow field member is located between the anode electrode and the anode separator. The second flow field member is located between the anode electrode and the first flow field member. A first porous member is located between the first flow field member and the second flow field member. A second porous member is located between the second flow field member and the anode electrode.

An electrochemical cell of an electrochemical hydrogen compressor is provided with a first flow field member having a hydrogen gas flow field and a second flow field member having a water channel. The first flow field member is located between the anode electrode and the anode separator. The second flow field member is located between the anode electrode and the first flow field member. A first porous member is located between the first flow field member and the second flow field member. A second porous member is located between the second flow field member and the anode electrode.

A passive dual modulating regulator that responds to a pressure differential between a hydrogen-side and an oxygen-side of one or more proton-exchange membrane (PEM) cells is provided. The passive dual modulating regulator includes a flexible diaphragm that is clamped along its periphery between hemispherical chambers. A bi-directional valve assembly extends through the flexible diaphragm and includes opposing valve plugs for selectively closing the output ports of the respective hemispherical chambers. Large or sustained pressure imbalances between the hydrogen-side and the oxygen-side of a hydrogen generation system are avoided without active control inputs of any kind, and consequently a rupture of the PEM is entirely avoided.

A passive dual modulating regulator that responds to a pressure differential between a hydrogen-side and an oxygen-side of one or more proton-exchange membrane (PEM) cells is provided. The passive dual modulating regulator includes a flexible diaphragm that is clamped along its periphery between hemispherical chambers. A bi-directional valve assembly extends through the flexible diaphragm and includes opposing valve plugs for selectively closing the output ports of the respective hemispherical chambers. Large or sustained pressure imbalances between the hydrogen-side and the oxygen-side of a hydrogen generation system are avoided without active control inputs of any kind, and consequently a rupture of the PEM is entirely avoided.

An alkaline water electrolysis vessel including: an anode-side frame body defining an anode chamber; a cathode-side frame body defining a cathode chamber; an ion-permeable separating membrane being arranged between the anode-side frame body and the cathode-side frame body, and separating the anode chamber and the cathode chamber; a gasket being sandwiched by the anode-side frame body and the cathode-side frame body to be held therebetween, and holding the periphery of the separating membrane; an anode being arranged in the anode chamber without being held by the gasket; a cathode being arranged in the cathode chamber without being held by the gasket; and an electroconductive first elastic body arranged in the anode chamber, wherein the anode is a flexible first porous plate; and the anode is arranged between the separating membrane and the first elastic body, and is pushed by the first elastic body toward the cathode.

An alkaline water electrolysis vessel including: an anode-side frame body defining an anode chamber; a cathode-side frame body defining a cathode chamber; an ion-permeable separating membrane being arranged between the anode-side frame body and the cathode-side frame body, and separating the anode chamber and the cathode chamber; a gasket being sandwiched by the anode-side frame body and the cathode-side frame body to be held therebetween, and holding the periphery of the separating membrane; an anode being arranged in the anode chamber without being held by the gasket; a cathode being arranged in the cathode chamber without being held by the gasket; and an electroconductive first elastic body arranged in the anode chamber, wherein the anode is a flexible first porous plate; and the anode is arranged between the separating membrane and the first elastic body, and is pushed by the first elastic body toward the cathode.