An individual solid oxide cell (SOC) constructed of a sandwich configuration including in the following order: an oxygen electrode, a solid oxide electrolyte, a fuel electrode, a fuel manifold, and at least one layer of mesh. In one embodiment, the mesh supports a reforming catalyst resulting in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) having a reformer embedded therein. The reformer-modified SOFC functions internally to steam reform or partially oxidize a gaseous hydrocarbon, e.g. methane, to a gaseous reformate of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which is converted in the SOC to water, carbon dioxide, or a mixture thereof, and an electrical current. In another embodiment, an electrical insulator is disposed between the fuel manifold and the mesh resulting in a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC), which functions to electrolyze water and/or carbon dioxide.

An individual solid oxide cell (SOC) constructed of a sandwich configuration including in the following order: an oxygen electrode, a solid oxide electrolyte, a fuel electrode, a fuel manifold, and at least one layer of mesh. In one embodiment, the mesh supports a reforming catalyst resulting in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) having a reformer embedded therein. The reformer-modified SOFC functions internally to steam reform or partially oxidize a gaseous hydrocarbon, e.g. methane, to a gaseous reformate of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which is converted in the SOC to water, carbon dioxide, or a mixture thereof, and an electrical current. In another embodiment, an electrical insulator is disposed between the fuel manifold and the mesh resulting in a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC), which functions to electrolyze water and/or carbon dioxide.

The present invention relates to an MPC-based hierarchical coordinated control method and device for a wind-hydrogen coupling system. The method comprises the following steps: (1) dividing the wind-hydrogen coupling system into upper-layer grid-connected control and lower-layer electrolytic cell control; (2) controlling grid-connected power to track a wind power prediction curve by adopting an MPC control algorithm for upper-layer grid-connected control, and obtaining an electrolytic cell power control quantity for the lower-layer electrolytic cell control at the same time; (3) dividing operation states of electrolytic cell monomers into four operation states of rated power operation, fluctuating power operation, overload power operation and shutdown; and (4) determining the operation states of various electrolytic cell monomers by adopting a time-power double-line rotation control strategy based on the electrolytic cell power control quantity, thus making the electrolytic cell monomers operate in one of the four operating states in turn.

An environmental control system employs an electrolysis cell utilizing an anion conducting membrane. A power supply is coupled across the anode and cathode of the electrolysis cell to drive reactions to reduce oxygen and/or carbon dioxide in an output gas flow. A cathode enclosure may be coupled with the electrolysis cell and provide an input gas flow and receive the output gas flow. A first electrolysis cell may be utilized to reduce the carbon dioxide concentration in an output flow that is directed to a second electrolysis cell, that reduces the concentration of oxygen. The oxygen and/or carbon dioxide may be vented from the system and used for an auxiliary purpose. An electrolyte solution may be configured in a loop from a reservoir to the anode, to provide a flow of electrolyte solution to the anode. Moisture from the cathode may be collected and provided to the anode.

A device and method of controlling an electrode and electrolytic cell are provided, which independently utilizes clean energy with large power fluctuation range as an electrolysis power source for hydrogen and oxygen production. The basic number of electrodes is set by the minimum cut-in voltage value of fluctuating power sources such as wind or solar power. According to fluctuating power sources such as wind or solar power, the ratio of the minimum cut-in current and the reference current corresponding to the lowest cut-in voltage value sets the effective size of the electrodes to be connected in or cut out.

A device and method of controlling an electrode and electrolytic cell are provided, which independently utilizes clean energy with large power fluctuation range as an electrolysis power source for hydrogen and oxygen production. The basic number of electrodes is set by the minimum cut-in voltage value of fluctuating power sources such as wind or solar power. According to fluctuating power sources such as wind or solar power, the ratio of the minimum cut-in current and the reference current corresponding to the lowest cut-in voltage value sets the effective size of the electrodes to be connected in or cut out.

An electrolysis system includes at least one H.sub.2O electrolysis apparatus that electrolyzes water to produce hydrogen; and at least one CO.sub.2 electrolysis apparatus that electrolyzes carbon dioxide to produce carbon monoxide. The electrolysis system includes a co-electrolysis apparatus that co-electrolyzes water and carbon dioxide to produce less hydrogen per unit time than produced by the at least one H.sub.2O electrolysis apparatus and less carbon monoxide per unit time than produced by the at least one CO.sub.2 electrolysis apparatus.

An electrolysis system includes at least one H.sub.2O electrolysis apparatus that electrolyzes water to produce hydrogen; and at least one CO.sub.2 electrolysis apparatus that electrolyzes carbon dioxide to produce carbon monoxide. The electrolysis system includes a co-electrolysis apparatus that co-electrolyzes water and carbon dioxide to produce less hydrogen per unit time than produced by the at least one H.sub.2O electrolysis apparatus and less carbon monoxide per unit time than produced by the at least one CO.sub.2 electrolysis apparatus.

A controller and an operation control method for electrolysis stack module powered by a renewable energy power generation device and an electrolysis system using the same, the controller being configured to control power supply by receiving the power supply from a renewable energy generator and distributing the power supply to n (n≥2) electrolysis stacks, wherein, the controller is configured to determine whether or not to drive each electrolysis stack according to stack driving conditions, no less than two, determined on the basis of a preset minimum amount of operating power supply for each electrolysis stack, and the stack driving conditions are ranges of an amount of the power supply in which on/off of the electrolysis stacks is predetermined, and the controller is configured to control driving of the electrolysis stacks according to the stack driving conditions corresponding to the amount of supplied power from the renewable energy generator.

An apparatus can include a housing, a plurality of electrochemical devices disposed within the housing, and a heat exchanger disposed within the housing. The heat exchanger can be faced with an oxidant-containing gas outlet surface of at least one of the plurality of electrochemical devices. The electrochemical devices can include a stack of solid oxide fuel cells, a battery, or a solid oxide electrolyzer cell.