Disclosed herein are crystalline compositions comprising tessellated rigid triangular macrocycles in a two-dimensional plane and methods of making the same.

Disclosed herein are crystalline compositions comprising tessellated rigid triangular macrocycles in a two-dimensional plane and methods of making the same.

An aspect of the present disclosure is a method that includes combining a first organic salt (A.sup.1X.sup.1), a first metal salt (M.sup.1(X.sup.2).sub.2), a second organic salt (A.sup.2X.sup.3), a second metal salt (M.sup.2Cl.sub.2), and a solvent to form a primary solution, where A.sup.1X.sup.1 and M.sup.1(X.sup.2).sub.2 are present in the primary solution at a first ratio between about 0.5 to 1.0 and about 1.5 to 1.0, and A.sup.2X.sup.3 to M.sup.2Cl.sub.2 are present in the primary solution at a second ratio between about 2.0 to 1.0 and about 4.0 to 1.0. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one of A.sup.1 or A.sup.2 may include at least one of an alkyl ammonium, an alkyl diamine, cesium, and/or rubidium.

An aspect of the present disclosure is a method that includes combining a first organic salt (A.sup.1X.sup.1), a first metal salt (M.sup.1(X.sup.2).sub.2), a second organic salt (A.sup.2X.sup.3), a second metal salt (M.sup.2Cl.sub.2), and a solvent to form a primary solution, where A.sup.1X.sup.1 and M.sup.1(X.sup.2).sub.2 are present in the primary solution at a first ratio between about 0.5 to 1.0 and about 1.5 to 1.0, and A.sup.2X.sup.3 to M.sup.2Cl.sub.2 are present in the primary solution at a second ratio between about 2.0 to 1.0 and about 4.0 to 1.0. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one of A.sup.1 or A.sup.2 may include at least one of an alkyl ammonium, an alkyl diamine, cesium, and/or rubidium.

The invention is directed to a method for elucidating the three-dimensional structure of compounds by X-ray diffraction (X-ray SCD) characterized in that the compound is co-analyte crystallized with tetraaryladamantanes according to general formula I Wherein R and R′ are identical or different residues selected from the group consisting of O-R1, S-R1, NHR1, NR1R2, F, Cl, Br or I and R1, R2 stand for identical or different, substituted on not substituted aliphatic or aromatic residues having 1 to 25 carbon atoms and the the three-dimensional structure of the compound is obtained by X-ray diffraction (X-ray SCD).

##STR00001##

The invention is directed to a method for elucidating the three-dimensional structure of compounds by X-ray diffraction (X-ray SCD) characterized in that the compound is co-analyte crystallized with tetraaryladamantanes according to general formula I Wherein R and R′ are identical or different residues selected from the group consisting of O-R1, S-R1, NHR1, NR1R2, F, Cl, Br or I and R1, R2 stand for identical or different, substituted on not substituted aliphatic or aromatic residues having 1 to 25 carbon atoms and the the three-dimensional structure of the compound is obtained by X-ray diffraction (X-ray SCD).

##STR00001##

Embodiments described are directed to methods for the functionalization of asphaltene materials and to compositions made from functionalized asphaltenes. Disclosed is a method for synthesizing graphene derivatives, such as 2D single crystalline carbon allotropes of graphene and functional materials, such as sulfonic acid and its derivatives. Also disclosed is a method for the transformation of asphaltene into a source of graphene derivatives and functional materials, such as, 0D, 1D, 2D and combinations of 0D and 1D by utilizing chemical substitution reaction mechanism, such as, electrophilic aromatic substitution, nucleophilic aromatic substitution and Sandmeyer mechanism. Also disclosed are novel graphene materials comprising: acetylenic linkage and hydrogenated graphene. These novel materials, which may be produced by these methods, include, e.g.: 2D single crystalline carbon allotropes of graphene with asymmetric unit formulas C.sub.7H.sub.6N.sub.2O.sub.4, C.sub.6H.sub.4N.sub.2O.sub.4, C.sub.7H.sub.7O.sub.3S− H.sub.3O+, C.sub.7H.sub.7O.sub.3SH+, and a 2D single crystal with asymmetric unit formula (Na.sub.6O.sub.16S.sub.4)n.

Embodiments described are directed to methods for the functionalization of asphaltene materials and to compositions made from functionalized asphaltenes. Disclosed is a method for synthesizing graphene derivatives, such as 2D single crystalline carbon allotropes of graphene and functional materials, such as sulfonic acid and its derivatives. Also disclosed is a method for the transformation of asphaltene into a source of graphene derivatives and functional materials, such as, 0D, 1D, 2D and combinations of 0D and 1D by utilizing chemical substitution reaction mechanism, such as, electrophilic aromatic substitution, nucleophilic aromatic substitution and Sandmeyer mechanism. Also disclosed are novel graphene materials comprising: acetylenic linkage and hydrogenated graphene. These novel materials, which may be produced by these methods, include, e.g.: 2D single crystalline carbon allotropes of graphene with asymmetric unit formulas C.sub.7H.sub.6N.sub.2O.sub.4, C.sub.6H.sub.4N.sub.2O.sub.4, C.sub.7H.sub.7O.sub.3S− H.sub.3O+, C.sub.7H.sub.7O.sub.3SH+, and a 2D single crystal with asymmetric unit formula (Na.sub.6O.sub.16S.sub.4)n.

Methods of preparing a mineral-coated rock micromodel can include 3D-printing a transparent porous micromodel with photo-curable polymer, seeding a thin layer of mineral nanoparticles in the network of pores inside the micromodel, and subsequently growing a mineral layer on the thin layer of mineral nanoparticles. The thin layer of mineral nanoparticles can be introduced by injecting a suspension containing the mineral nanoparticles through the microporous polymer micromodel, and the mineral layer can be grown in-situ on the thin layer of mineral nanoparticles in the network of pores by injecting an ion-rich solution configured to crystallize from solution in response to contacting the mineral nanoparticles.

Methods of preparing a mineral-coated rock micromodel can include 3D-printing a transparent porous micromodel with photo-curable polymer, seeding a thin layer of mineral nanoparticles in the network of pores inside the micromodel, and subsequently growing a mineral layer on the thin layer of mineral nanoparticles. The thin layer of mineral nanoparticles can be introduced by injecting a suspension containing the mineral nanoparticles through the microporous polymer micromodel, and the mineral layer can be grown in-situ on the thin layer of mineral nanoparticles in the network of pores by injecting an ion-rich solution configured to crystallize from solution in response to contacting the mineral nanoparticles.