An ignition assembly configuration in piston engine with a main piston and an auxiliary piston, the ignition assembly is mounted on the cylinder wall and connects to the combustion chamber; the ignition assembly comprises an connection cut-out passage, an ignition device, or ignition device combined with a fuel injection nozzle, or an ignition device combined with a fuel injection nozzle and a pressure sensor passage. Wherein the auxiliary piston has a by-pass passage to keep the ignition assembly connected to the combustion chamber when the auxiliary piston moves down below the uppermost position of the main piston and blocks the ignition assembly cut-out passage; wherein the uppermost position of the ignition assembly is at or aligned with the uppermost position of the auxiliary piston in combustion stroke, the lowermost position of the ignition assembly is at or aligned with the uppermost position of the main piston. Fuel-water injection, multiple fuel injections and combustions can be easily practiced in the new configuration.

An electrolysis system includes an injector with a conical tapered resonant capacitor wave-guide forming two voltage zones of polarity. An anode probe establishes a positive charge reaction of a capacitive voltage region. An anode exciter component has a conically tapered tip with a tapering diameter that diminishes toward a tip end and determines a guide path through the injector for a dielectric medium. A cathode probe is retained within the anode probe for establishing a negative charge reaction of the capacitive voltage region. A cathode exciter component includes a cathode tapered tip conically parallel with the anode conically tapered tip. The anode and cathode end portions form a compression exiting nozzle port. The compression exiting nozzle port receives a mixture of water mist and fuel gases to focus the mixture into a trigger zone of fuel gas combustion, which triggers an electrolysis reaction in the water mist.

Method for reducing intake valve deposits in a spark ignition internal combustion engine which is fuelled with a gasoline fuel composition, wherein the method comprises introducing into the engine an aqueous based composition, wherein the aqueous based composition comprises (i) water, (ii) from 0 vol % to 40 vol % freezing point suppression agent, (iii) from 0 vol % to 10 vol % of surfactant, and (iv) an amine compound in a blending amount of from 0 ppmw to 1000 ppmw.

An internal combustion-type engine or powertrain that is capable of burning wet-alcohol fuel mixture and including a piston reciprocating within a cylinder attached to a cylinder head and connecting to a crank shaft via a connecting rod. An intake cam and valve is mounted within an intake port formed in the cylinder head and an exhaust cam and valve is mounted within an exhaust port also formed in the cylinder head. A pressurized fuel source is introduced into the cylinder by a fuel injector and the percentage of water in the alcohol/water mix operates to prolong the cylinder pressure in order to increase a mean effective pressure (IMEP), leading to a higher torque (improved Brake Mean Effective Pressure—BMEP) of the engine via a longer pressure pulse attained during the period of preferred mechanical advantage of the crank-arm of the engine.

A compression ignition engine system allows use of hydrous fuels, in particular hydrous biofuels, with high water content (e.g., 20-85% water). The hydrous fuel is pressurized, and also preferably heated via the engine's exhaust gas, to increase its enthalpy, and is then directly injected into the engine cylinder(s) near top dead center. The system provides brake thermal efficiency increases of 20% or more versus a comparable system using conventional diesel fuel, while allowing the use of inexpensive undistilled or lightly distilled biofuels.

An apparatus for use with a combustion apparatus and an associated Selective Catalytic Reduction (‘SCR’) device, comprises a temperature sensing device configured to measure the temperature of an exhaust from the combustion apparatus; and an injection unit configured to inject hydrogen into a feed of oxidizer to the combustion apparatus. An amount of hydrogen is added to an oxidiser feed of the combustion apparatus sufficient to reach a temperature in the exhaust of at least about 270° C.

The disclosure relates to a method for controlling compression ignition combustion phasing in an internal combustion engine, the method comprising providing a high heat of vaporization fuel charge, the high heat of vaporization fuel charge having a latent heat of vaporization; and directly injecting a spray of the fuel charge into a cylinder of an internal combustion engine during the intake stroke, the internal combustion engine having a gas exchange stage and a combustion stage, the injecting from a single injector and occurring at least immediately after Top Dead Center during the gas exchange stage.

A method and device of preparing an emulsion comprising a first liquid and a second liquid, said method comprising the step of dispersing the first liquid into the second liquid, characterized in that the method comprises: passing the first liquid through an injection nozzle (108) for creating a spray of droplets of the first liquid, and injecting thus created droplets of first liquid into the second liquid such that Q, where Q is equal to the square of the speed of the droplets, is at least 225 m.sup.2/s.sup.2; wherein W, wherein W is sg*Q*d divided by St with sg being the specific gravity of the first liquid in kg/m.sup.3, d being the mean Sauter droplet diameter in meter of the spray leaving the injection nozzle in air, and St being the surface tension of the first liquid in Newton/meter; is at least 250 kg*m/N*s.sup.2.

An apparatus for preparing a water/diesel oil micro-emulsion comprises a diesel oil feeding unit (2), an emulsifying composition feeding unit (3), a water feeding unit (4), a mixing tank (5) in fluid communication with the diesel oil feeding unit (2), with the emulsifying composition feeding unit (3) and with the water feeding unit (4). A mixing device (22) is operatively connected to the mixing tank (5). The mixing device (22) comprises a duct (39) extending along a main direction (X-X) and presenting an inlet opening (40) and an outlet nozzle (41). A cone shaped septum (60) is placed in the duct (39), coaxial with respect to the main direction (X-X) and tapering towards the outlet nozzle (41). The cone shaped septum (60) is provided with a plurality of holes (65) made through its conical wall (63). A plurality of lamellae (76, 80) are arranged in at least a portion of the duct (39) placed downstream of the cone shaped septum (60). The plurality of lamellae (76, 80) divides said portion in a plurality of small chambers (77, 82) and are provided with through holes (78, 81). The holes (78, 81) and the small chambers (77, 82) delimit a labyrinth passageway for the liquid flowing through the duct (39) towards the outlet nozzle (41). The water/diesel oil micro-emulsion is obtained by recirculating a batch contained in the mixing tank (5) and comprising the diesel oil, the emulsifying composition and the water through a recirculation conduit and through the mixing device (22).

A fuel pump for a liquid fuel water injection system of a motor vehicle is provided. The fuel pump includes a low-pressure pump that mixes water from a water tank of the motor vehicle with liquid fuel from a fuel tank of the motor vehicle to a liquid fuel water emulsion and provides the liquid fuel water emulsion at a low pressure. A high-pressure pump is in fluid communication with the low-pressure pump and compresses the liquid fuel water emulsion from the low pressure to a high pressure for injecting the liquid fuel water emulsion into an internal combustion engine of the motor vehicle via an injection rail of the motor vehicle. A pump drive drives the low-pressure pump and the high-pressure pump synchronously with a pump frequency independently from an engine speed of the internal combustion engine of the motor vehicle.