A plant or refinery may include equipment such as reactors, heaters, heat exchangers, regenerators, separators, or the like. Types of heat exchangers include shell and tube, plate, plate and shell, plate fin, air cooled, wetted-surface air cooled, or the like. Operating methods may impact deterioration in equipment condition, prolong equipment life, extend production operating time, or provide other benefits. Mechanical or digital sensors may be used for monitoring equipment, and sensor data may be programmatically analyzed to identify developing problems. For example, sensors may be used in conjunction with one or more system components to detect and correct maldistribution, cross-leakage, strain, pre-leakage, thermal stresses, fouling, vibration, problems in liquid lifting, conditions that can affect air-cooled exchangers, conditions that can affect a wetted-surface air-cooled heat exchanger, or the like. An operating condition or mode may be adjusted to prolong equipment life or avoid equipment failure.

A compliant heating system includes a dynamic component including a heat exchanger; a pressure vessel shell encompassing at least a portion of the dynamic component; and a metallic expansion joint that connects the dynamic component and the pressure vessel shell, wherein the metallic expansion joint includes a deformable section comprising a convolution.

A heat exchange device of a floating core type, having a special configuration which allows increasing its durability as it increases its thermal fatigue resistance. The device is characterized by a configuration having high thermal fatigue resistance due to the special configuration of the end where the floating side of the core is located since stagnation regions that are usually produced in the baffle of the floating end are eliminated by the combination of the shape of the shell and of a deflector. This configuration furthermore results in a low-cost exchanger.

A heat exchanger is comprised of two heat exchanger sections, at least one of which is provided with a floating header to accommodate differential thermal expansion. The two heat exchanger sections are enclosed by an inner shell wall, and an external connecting passage is provided outside the inner shell wall, through which one of the fluids flows between the two heat exchanger sections. The external connecting passage is enclosed by an outer shell. The inner wall is provided with openings which communicate with the external connecting passage. The openings may be in the form of a substantially continuous gap or discrete openings. Specific examples of heat exchangers with this construction include a steam generator, a steam generator and combined catalytic converter, and a water gas shift reactor.

A heat exchanger includes a shell, and a tube assembly disposed in the shell, the tube assembly including at least one tube, wherein the tube has a pair of end sections having a first diameter and a central section extending between the end sections having a second diameter that is greater than the first diameter.

Shell and tube heat exchanger (1) comprising a first outer shell (2) and a tube bundle (3), inlet and outlet interfaces communicating with the shell side and with the tube side for a first fluid and for a second fluid respectively, wherein the exchanger comprises a second shell (4) which is inside said first shell (2) and surrounds said tube bundle (3); said second shell (4) comprises at least one releasable longitudinal joint (32) and a plurality of longitudinal sections connected by releasable joints; said second shell (4) delimits the shell side of the exchanger (1) around said tube bundle (3), and further defines a flushing interspace (5) communicating with said shell side, said first fluid flows through said shell side along one or more longitudinal passages, and said first fluid and said second fluid are counter-current along said one or more longitudinal passages.

An intercooler assembly may include a housing and a cooler arranged therein through which charge air may be flowable. The housing may include an insertion opening through which the cooler may be insertable into the housing in an insertion direction transverse to the flow direction of the charge air. The cooler may include a pipe structure through which a coolant may be flowable, first and second end parts opposite each other transverse to the insertion direction, and third and fourth end parts opposite each other transverse to the first and second end parts and parallel to the flow direction, the end parts laterally delimiting and mechanically connected to the pipe structure. The cooler may be mechanically connected to the housing by the first end part, and at least one of the other end parts may be movably attached to the housing. The cooler may be pre-stressed against the housing by the third and/or fourth end part in a direction opposite a deformation of the cooler resulting from cooling of the charge air.

A heat exchanger includes at least one first flow channel for a first medium, at least one second flow channel for a second medium, and at least one bottom that can be connected to the housing. The bottom has at least one expansion element.

A plant or refinery may include equipment such as reactors, heaters, heat exchangers, regenerators, separators, or the like. Types of heat exchangers include shell and tube, plate, plate and shell, plate fin, air cooled, wetted-surface air cooled, or the like. Operating methods may impact deterioration in equipment condition, prolong equipment life, extend production operating time, or provide other benefits. Mechanical or digital sensors may be used for monitoring equipment, and sensor data may be programmatically analyzed to identify developing problems. For example, sensors may be used in conjunction with one or more system components to detect and correct maldistribution, cross-leakage, strain, pre-leakage, thermal stresses, fouling, vibration, problems in liquid lifting, conditions that can affect air-cooled exchangers, conditions that can affect a wetted-surface air-cooled heat exchanger, or the like. An operating condition or mode may be adjusted to prolong equipment life or avoid equipment failure.

A plant or refinery may include equipment such as reactors, heaters, heat exchangers, regenerators, separators, or the like. Types of heat exchangers include shell and tube, plate, plate and shell, plate fin, air cooled, wetted-surface air cooled, or the like. Operating methods may impact deterioration in equipment condition, prolong equipment life, extend production operating time, or provide other benefits. Mechanical or digital sensors may be used for monitoring equipment, and sensor data may be programmatically analyzed to identify developing problems. For example, sensors may be used in conjunction with one or more system components to detect and correct maldistribution, cross-leakage, strain, pre-leakage, thermal stresses, fouling, vibration, problems in liquid lifting, conditions that can affect air-cooled exchangers, conditions that can affect wet-cooled exchangers, conditions that can affect a wetted-surface air-cooled heat exchanger, or the like. An operating condition or mode may be adjusted to prolong equipment life or avoid equipment failure.