Disclosed are a method and apparatus of estimating a depth of a molten pool formed during a 3D printing process, and a 3D printing system. A surface temperature of the molten pool is measure by taking a thermal image of a laminated printing object during the 3D printing process with a thermal imaging camera. The measured surface temperature is compared with a melting point of the base material to determine a surface boundary of the molten pool. The maximum lengths in x-axis and y-axis directions of a surface region of the molten pool defined by the surface boundary of the molten pool are determined as a length and a width of the surface of the molten pool, respectively. A maximum depth in the z-axis direction of the molten pool is determined in real time based on the length and width of the surface region of the molten pool.

Disclosed are a method and apparatus of estimating a depth of a molten pool formed during a 3D printing process, and a 3D printing system. A surface temperature of the molten pool is measure by taking a thermal image of a laminated printing object during the 3D printing process with a thermal imaging camera. The measured surface temperature is compared with a melting point of the base material to determine a surface boundary of the molten pool. The maximum lengths in x-axis and y-axis directions of a surface region of the molten pool defined by the surface boundary of the molten pool are determined as a length and a width of the surface of the molten pool, respectively. A maximum depth in the z-axis direction of the molten pool is determined in real time based on the length and width of the surface region of the molten pool.

Embodiments relate to estimating river discharge and depth. Initially, observed velocities are used to generate a maximum velocity streamline for a river section, which is then used with an observed shoreline to construct a streamline curvilinear grid. The grid is used to interpolate scattered velocity data points, which are used with a bottom friction of the river section to approximate mean total head slope values. A least squares minimization scheme is applied to a velocity-slope relationship to estimate a bottom friction and discharge coefficient by fitting a difference in the predicted mean total head elevation values between upstream and downstream ends of the river section to a respective ζ-average of the measured total head values of the river section. Discharge of the river section is determined based on the coefficient and a velocity-depth relationship and then used to generate a river forecast.

Embodiments relate to estimating river discharge and depth. Initially, observed velocities are used to generate a maximum velocity streamline for a river section, which is then used with an observed shoreline to construct a streamline curvilinear grid. The grid is used to interpolate scattered velocity data points, which are used with a bottom friction of the river section to approximate mean total head slope values. A least squares minimization scheme is applied to a velocity-slope relationship to estimate a bottom friction and discharge coefficient by fitting a difference in the predicted mean total head elevation values between upstream and downstream ends of the river section to a respective ζ-average of the measured total head values of the river section. Discharge of the river section is determined based on the coefficient and a velocity-depth relationship and then used to generate a river forecast.

An electronic battery tester for testing a storage battery includes a Kelvin connection configured to electrically couple to the storage battery and a microprocessor configured to determine a dynamic parameter of the storage battery. A forcing function source is configured to apply a forcing function signal to the storage battery through the Kelvin connection. A sensor is electrically coupled to the storage battery and configured to sense an electrical response of the storage battery to the applied forcing function signal. A tire tread gauge is arranged to be inserted into a tread of a tire. The tire tread gauge including a visual indicator. An image capture device is configured to capture an image of the tire tread gauge when the tire tread gauge is inserted into the tread of the tire.

An electronic battery tester for testing a storage battery includes a Kelvin connection configured to electrically couple to the storage battery and a microprocessor configured to determine a dynamic parameter of the storage battery. A forcing function source is configured to apply a forcing function signal to the storage battery through the Kelvin connection. A sensor is electrically coupled to the storage battery and configured to sense an electrical response of the storage battery to the applied forcing function signal. A tire tread gauge is arranged to be inserted into a tread of a tire. The tire tread gauge including a visual indicator. An image capture device is configured to capture an image of the tire tread gauge when the tire tread gauge is inserted into the tread of the tire.

A 3D scanner system includes a scanning device capable of recording first and second data sets of a surface of an object when operating in a first configuration and a second configuration, respectively. A measurement unit is configured for measuring a distance from the scanning device to the surface. A control controls an operation of the scanning device based on the distance measured by the measurement unit, where the scanning device operates in the first configuration when the measured distance is within a first range of distances from the surface and the scanning device operates in the second configuration when the measured distance is within a second range of distances; and a data processor is configured to combine one or more first data sets and one or more second data sets to create a combined virtual 3D model of the object surface.

A 3D scanner system includes a scanning device capable of recording first and second data sets of a surface of an object when operating in a first configuration and a second configuration, respectively. A measurement unit is configured for measuring a distance from the scanning device to the surface. A control controls an operation of the scanning device based on the distance measured by the measurement unit, where the scanning device operates in the first configuration when the measured distance is within a first range of distances from the surface and the scanning device operates in the second configuration when the measured distance is within a second range of distances; and a data processor is configured to combine one or more first data sets and one or more second data sets to create a combined virtual 3D model of the object surface.

A processing system for reducing data amount of a point cloud includes a sample rate controller and a transmitter. The sample rate controller is used for receiving a plurality of coordinates corresponding to the point cloud, and sampling the plurality of coordinates according to an adjustable sampling rate to generate a plurality of sampled coordinates, wherein data amount of the plurality of coordinates is not less than data amount of the plurality of sampled coordinates. The transmitter coupled to the sample rate controller is used for outputting the plurality of sampled coordinates.

Three-dimensional (3D) maps may be generated for different areas based on scans of the areas using sensor(s) of a mobile computing device. During each scan, locations of the mobile computing device can be measured relative to a fixed-positioned smart device using ultra-wideband communication (UWB). The 3D maps for the areas may be registered to the fixed position (i.e., anchor position) of the smart device based on the location measurements acquired during the scan so that the 3D maps can be merged into a combined 3D map. The combined (i.e., merged) 3D map may then be used to facilitate location-specific operation of the mobile computing device or other smart device.