A calorimeter for measuring a heat flux of a sample comprises a container, a first heat sink and a second heat sink whereby the sample is arranged in the container. The first heat sink and the second heat sink are arranged at a distance from each other on the container. The first heat sink comprises a first heat transducer element and the second heat sink comprises a second heat transducer element. Each of the first and second heat transducer elements comprise a heat receiving surface and a heat absorbing surface for generating an electromotive force equivalent to the heat flux to or from the respective heat sink to be sent to a detecting unit for obtaining an electrical potential representing the heat flux leaving or traversing the container.

An apparatus for measuring an overall heat transfer coefficient may include an external chamber provided using a heat insulation material and including an internal space, an internal chamber disposed in the external chamber and having an opening upper portion, a heat source supply to supply heat to an internal portion of the internal chamber, a cutoff portion disposed in the upper portion of the internal chamber to seal the internal chamber and prevent an outflow of heat emitted from the heat source supply, and a temperature measurement portion disposed in an internal portion and an external portion of the internal chamber to measure an internal temperature and an external temperature of the internal chamber, in which the cutoff portion may realize covering conditions indoors through a combination of a covering material and a thermal screen, and adjust the external temperature of the internal chamber.

A moisture detector includes a sensor chip and a moisture determining unit. The sensor chip includes a humidity detector having a detection surface on which to measure humidity, and also includes a heater heating the detection surface, and the moisture determining unit is configured to, after causing the heater to start heating, determine whether moisture is present on the detection surface based on a difference in changes in the humidity measured by the humidity detector.

A sterilization enclosure comprises one or more sensors for measuring characteristics within the container during a sterilization process, including one or more characteristics of sterilization agent(s), to determine whether instruments disposed within the container have been exposed to threshold process conditions to ensure a desired level of sterilization for those instruments.

A sterilization enclosure to be placed within a sterilizer, the sterilization enclosure defining an interior for accommodating at least one surgical instrument and maintaining sterility of the at least one surgical instrument after the sterilization enclosure is removed from the sterilizer. The enclosure comprising a light source and a transparent window. The light source to illuminate the interior and the transparent window positioned such that the interior and the at least one surgical instrument are visible through the transparent window. A process indicator that is either disposed within the interior or coupled to an external surface of the sterilization enclosure. The process indicator in fluid communication with the interior of the sterilization enclosure such that the process indicator is exposed to a sterilant agent disposed within the interior of the sterilization enclosure to measure a characteristic within the interior during a sterilization process.

A sterilization enclosure comprises one or more sensors for measuring characteristics within the container during a sterilization process, including one or more characteristics of sterilization agent(s), to determine whether instruments disposed within the container have been exposed to threshold process conditions to ensure a desired level of sterilization for those instruments.

A photothermal deflection measuring system includes a substrate, a detecting light source, a detecting unit, and a processor. The substrate includes a plurality of positioning structures, on each of which supports a cell emitting heat outside a surface thereof. The detecting light source is utilized to project a detecting light passing through a specific position outside the surface whereby the detecting light is deflected due to a thermal gradient caused by the emitted heat. The detecting unit is arranged at a side of the cell for receiving the deflected detecting light thereby generating an optical deflection signal corresponding to a deflection of the deflected detecting light. The processor is configured to receive the optical deflection signal, analyze the optical deflection signal and determine a heat value corresponding to the specific position out side the surface of the cell according to the optical deflection signal.

A photothermal deflection measuring system includes a substrate, a detecting light source, a detecting unit, and a processor. The substrate includes a plurality of positioning structures, on each of which supports a cell emitting heat outside a surface thereof. The detecting light source is utilized to project a detecting light passing through a specific position outside the surface whereby the detecting light is deflected due to a thermal gradient caused by the emitted heat. The detecting unit is arranged at a side of the cell for receiving the deflected detecting light thereby generating an optical deflection signal corresponding to a deflection of the deflected detecting light. The processor is configured to receive the optical deflection signal, analyze the optical deflection signal and determine a heat value corresponding to the specific position out side the surface of the cell according to the optical deflection signal.

A sterilization enclosure to be placed within a sterilizer, the sterilization enclosure defining an interior for accommodating at least one surgical instrument and maintaining sterility of the at least one surgical instrument after the sterilization enclosure is removed from the sterilizer. The enclosure comprising a light source and a transparent window. The light source to illuminate the interior and the transparent window positioned such that the interior and the at least one surgical instrument are visible through the transparent window. A process indicator that is either disposed within the interior or coupled to an external surface of the sterilization enclosure. The process indicator in fluid communication with the interior of the sterilization enclosure such that the process indicator is exposed to a sterilant agent disposed within the interior of the sterilization enclosure to measure a characteristic within the interior during a sterilization process.

A photothermal deflection measuring system includes a substrate, a detecting light source, a detecting unit, and a processor. The substrate includes a plurality of positioning structures, on each of which supports a cell emitting heat outside a surface thereof. The detecting light source is utilized to project a detecting light passing through a specific position outside the surface whereby the detecting light is deflected due to a thermal gradient caused by the emitted heat. The detecting unit is arranged at a side of the cell for receiving the deflected detecting light thereby generating an optical deflection signal corresponding to a deflection of the deflected detecting light. The processor is configured to receive the optical deflection signal, analyze the optical deflection signal and determine a heat value corresponding to the specific position out side the surface of the cell according to the optical deflection signal.