Potentiometric sensors based on potentiometric mechanosensation and/or thermosensation mechanisms operate by regulating the potential difference between electrodes at two different electrode/electrolyte interfaces. A potentiometric sensor may include at least a first electrode, a second electrode, and a microstructured ionic hydrogel composite electrolyte in contact with the first electrode and the second electrode. Methods of making a potentiometric sensor device may include forming a first electrode on a substrate, forming a second electrode on the substrate, and applying a microstructured ionic hydrogel composite electrolyte structure in contact with both the first and second electrodes.

Potentiometric sensors based on potentiometric mechanosensation and/or thermosensation mechanisms operate by regulating the potential difference between electrodes at two different electrode/electrolyte interfaces. A potentiometric sensor may include at least a first electrode, a second electrode, and a microstructured ionic hydrogel composite electrolyte in contact with the first electrode and the second electrode. Methods of making a potentiometric sensor device may include forming a first electrode on a substrate, forming a second electrode on the substrate, and applying a microstructured ionic hydrogel composite electrolyte structure in contact with both the first and second electrodes.

A battery temperature estimation method includes fitting, when a battery is in an offline state, a first function relationship according to corresponding admittances of the battery at different test temperatures, and obtaining a temperature distribution model of the battery according to the shape and the size of the battery, and determining a second function relationship corresponding to internal temperatures and a surface temperature by combining with the first function relationship. The second function relationship is used for estimating the internal temperature of the battery by using the surface temperature and the admittances of the battery.

Disclosed are a defect monitoring apparatus and detection method for a transformer oil conservator based on edge computing. The monitoring apparatus includes: a sensing terminal, an edge intelligent gateway, a monitoring terminal, an oil conservator defect monitoring cloud platform, and a client terminal. The edge intelligent gateway and the monitoring terminal are both disposed in a substation. The monitoring terminal is configured to access the edge intelligent gateway. The sensing terminal includes: an airflow sensor, an oil temperature sensor, an ambient temperature sensor, and a microwave oil level measurement assembly. The sensing terminal sends detection data information to the edge intelligent gateway, and the edge intelligent gateway stores and determines a category of the detection data information. The present disclosure can recognize capsule damage, partial blockage of a breathing circuit, leakage in the breathing circuit, moisture impurities in a breathing tube, and false oil level.

Disclosed are a defect monitoring apparatus and detection method for a transformer oil conservator based on edge computing. The monitoring apparatus includes: a sensing terminal, an edge intelligent gateway, a monitoring terminal, an oil conservator defect monitoring cloud platform, and a client terminal. The edge intelligent gateway and the monitoring terminal are both disposed in a substation. The monitoring terminal is configured to access the edge intelligent gateway. The sensing terminal includes: an airflow sensor, an oil temperature sensor, an ambient temperature sensor, and a microwave oil level measurement assembly. The sensing terminal sends detection data information to the edge intelligent gateway, and the edge intelligent gateway stores and determines a category of the detection data information. The present disclosure can recognize capsule damage, partial blockage of a breathing circuit, leakage in the breathing circuit, moisture impurities in a breathing tube, and false oil level.

A fluid pump includes a pump element in communication with an inlet and an outlet. Rotation of the pump element generates a suction at the inlet and pressure at the outlet. The suction and pressure cooperate to move a fluid through a fluid path. An accessory fluid path is in communication with the inlet and outlet. The accessory fluid path includes a thermistor in communication with the accessory fluid path. The thermistor monitors a temperature of the fluid within the accessory fluid path.

A sensor element for detecting a level of a gas component in the measured gas or a temperature of the measured gas. The sensor element includes at least one solid electrolyte layer. The solid electrolyte layer has at least one plated-through hole. The sensor element further includes a conductive element, which produces an electrically conductive connection through the plated-through hole. In the plated-through hole, the solid electrolyte layer is electrically insulated from the conductive element by an insulating element. At least one opening region of the plated-through hole is stabilized against phase transition by a stabilizing element. The stabilizing element is made at least partially of a material, which includes a noble metal and an element selected from the group consisting of: V, Nb, Ta, Sb, Bi, Cr, Mo, W. A method for manufacturing the sensor element is also provided.

A sensor element for detecting a level of a gas component in the measured gas or a temperature of the measured gas. The sensor element includes at least one solid electrolyte layer. The solid electrolyte layer has at least one plated-through hole. The sensor element further includes a conductive element, which produces an electrically conductive connection through the plated-through hole. In the plated-through hole, the solid electrolyte layer is electrically insulated from the conductive element by an insulating element. At least one opening region of the plated-through hole is stabilized against phase transition by a stabilizing element. The stabilizing element is made at least partially of a material, which includes a noble metal and an element selected from the group consisting of: V, Nb, Ta, Sb, Bi, Cr, Mo, W. A method for manufacturing the sensor element is also provided.

A fluid pump includes a pump element in communication with an inlet and an outlet. Rotation of the pump element generates a suction at the inlet and pressure at the outlet. The suction and pressure cooperate to move a fluid through a fluid path. An accessory fluid path is in communication with the inlet and outlet. The accessory fluid path includes a thermistor in communication with the accessory fluid path. The thermistor monitors a temperature of the fluid within the accessory fluid path.

A sensor element for detecting a level of a gas component in the measured gas or a temperature of the measured gas. The sensor element includes at least one solid electrolyte layer. The solid electrolyte layer has at least one plated-through hole. The sensor element further includes a conductive element, which produces an electrically conductive connection through the plated-through hole. In the plated-through hole, the solid electrolyte layer is electrically insulated from the conductive element by an insulating element. At least one opening region of the plated-through hole is stabilized against phase transition by a stabilizing element. The stabilizing element is made at least partially of a material, which includes a noble metal and an element selected from the group consisting of: V, Nb, Ta, Sb, Bi, Cr, Mo, W. A method for manufacturing the sensor element is also provided.