An emissions measurement system capable of providing an accurate, real-time measurement of an emissions sample is disclosed. The exhaust may be generated by an internal combustion engine, in which case the system may be sequentially connected to the exhaust from the internal combustion engine. The emissions measurement system can include a laser light opacity sensor, a light scattering sensor, and a particle ionization sensor.

Provided is a flow analyzer and a flow analysis method each of which makes it possible to stably and continuously measure a sample. The flow analyzer and the flow analysis method each include: a marker introducing device (2) which is for introducing a marker into a tube (3); and a marker detecting device (5) which detects the marker and outputs a detection signal to an analyzing device (4), the analyzing device (4) acquiring analysis data on the basis of the detection signal.

Methods and apparatuses relating to measuring sample parameters and cell parameters (e.g., cell size, cell shape) are provided herein. The present disclosure provides additional methods, systems and techniques for improving osmotic gradient generating systems for vise in technologies to accurately determine red blood cell volume and the osmolality at which cells achieve a maximum volume.

According to one embodiment, an automatic analyzer includes dispenser, measurer, thermostat, cooler and cleaner. Dispenser dispenses a specimen and a reagent into a reaction vessel. Measurer measures a solution mixture of the specimen and the reagent in the vessel. Thermostat heats the mixture to a first temperature at which thermoresponsive polymers contained in the reagent aggregate. Cooler cools a cleaning fluid used to clean the vessel to a second temperature lower than the first temperature, at which the polymers contained in the reagent disperse. Cleaner cleans the vessel from which the mixture has been drained, using the cooled fluid.

The sensor includes: a collection part 30L, 30M, 30S in which, a plurality of filter members for collecting particulate matter in exhaust gas are arranged in descending order of porosity from an exhaust upstream side to an exhaust downstream side of the exhaust gas; a pair of electrodes 32, 33 which is arranged to each of the plurality of filter members 30L, 30M, 30S and facing each other with the plurality of filter members interposed therebetween; and estimation means 42 to 44 far estimating a particulate matter amount collected on each of the plurality of filter members having different porosities based on a capacitance change amount between the pair of electrodes 32, 33.

An apparatus and method for isolating bacterial particles in a sample using a container with material in temporary fluid blocking position to lower orifice in the container, a separation medium having an electrical conductivity lower than and physical density greater than that of the sample above the material that supports a sample concentrate after passing through the separation medium when exposed to centrifugal force, a heating element for liquefying the material to permit flow into a chamber past an electrode array that attracts and holds subject particles. The system allows rapid detection and isolation of particles from samples from animal, human, environmental sites, a bio-industrial reactor or a food or beverage production facility requiring relatively small volumes, short incubation times resulting in structurally intact particles for further analysis. Testing may be completed in a single unit that requires decreased technician manipulation, fewer steps and a decrease in cross-contamination.

A method of operating a pore field-effect transistor (FET) sensor for detecting particles, wherein the pore FET sensor comprises a FET wherein a gate is controlled by a pore filled by a fluid, comprises: controlling a first voltage (V.sub.cis) to set the FET in a subthreshold region; controlling a second voltage (V.sub.trans) to set a voltage difference between the first and second voltages (V.sub.trans) such that an effective difference in gate voltage experienced between a minimum and a maximum effective gate voltage during movement of a particle in the fluid is at least kT/q; and detecting a drain-source current in the FET, wherein the particle passing through the pore modulates the drain-source current for detecting presence of the particle.

Some aspects of this disclosure are directed to an automated method to check electrostatic discharge (ESD) effect on a victim device. For example, some aspects of this disclosure relate to a method, including determining a probe point, in a circuit design, for determining effective resistance between the probe point and ground, where the probe point is on an ESD path of in the circuit design. The method includes determining voltage between the probe point and the ground. The method further includes comparing, by a processing device, a resistance value of the ESD path determined based a predefined electric current value at a source point and the measured voltage with a target resistance value range. The method further includes reporting a violation upon determining that the determined resistance value of the ESD path is outside the target resistance value range.

A particulate matter sensing device includes an inlet through which air is introduced, a particle classifying unit classifying particles included in air introduced through the inlet, a corona discharging unit electrifying the particles passing through the particle classifying unit, and a sensing unit collecting the particles electrified by the corona discharging unit, in which the sensing unit includes an electrode having a plurality of intervals to collect the particles electrified by the sensing unit, and a control unit determining whether fine particles are detected, based on a result of monitoring an output signal change of the electrode.

Electromagnetic chip detectors and associated methods of detecting a metallic chip in engine fluid of an engine are provided. The method comprises supplying an electric current to a circuit extending between a first node and a second node to magnetize both a first electrically conductive terminal and a second electrically conductive terminal spaced apart from each other to define a chip-receiving gap therebetween, and detecting a change in resistance across the first node and the second node. The change in resistance is indicative of a capture of the chip by the electromagnetic chip detector. The chip electrically connects the first electrically conductive terminal to the second electrically conductive terminal. The first electrically conductive terminal is electrically connected to the first node. The second electrically conductive terminal is electrically connected to the second node.