Device for detecting reactive luminescent particles embedded in a substrate or surface having an infrared or ultraviolet illuminator; a near-infrared photodiode sensor; a dark chamber, inside which the illuminator and photodiode sensor are mounted; a logarithm amplifier; an electronic data processor configured to detect the reactive luminescent particles by carrying out the steps of: illuminating the substrate or surface with the illuminator; acquiring the amplified linearized signal captured by the photodiode sensor; detecting the presence of luminescent particles in the substrate or surface from the linearized decay of the acquired signal. A further near-infrared photodiode sensor, a further logarithm amplifier, and a differentiator for obtaining a difference between amplified signals received by each photodiode sensor can be utilized.

A detection apparatus includes four sets of transmitter and receiver wherein the transmitters are on a first sliding member of a frame and the receivers are on a second sliding member of the frame; and drives for moving the first and second sliding members back and forth. During the movements of the first and second sliding members, each transmitter emits laser beam toward the receiver of the same set by passing through a space above a photoresist-coated optical glass by 100 μm, no signal is generated at the receiver if the laser beam is not blocked, and a signal is generated at the receiver if the laser beam is blocked by at least one of a plurality of particles on the photoresist-coated optical glass.

An object is to measure the fine ratio, or the ratio of fines adhering to the surface of lumps of material, in real time with high accuracy.

A fine ratio measuring method includes a step S1 of measuring a distance between a distance measuring device and lumps of material, a step S2 of calculating a feature quantity from distance data obtained in the step S1, and a step S3 of converting the feature quantity calculated in the step S2 to a fine ratio. The feature quantity calculated in the step S2 represents distance variation calculated from the distance data obtained in the step S1. A higher fine ratio in lumps of material means greater microscopic distance variation caused by microscopic irregularities in the surface of the lumps of material in the height direction within a three-dimensional shape. Therefore, by using the distance variation as the feature quantity, the fine ratio in the lumps of material can be measured in real time with high accuracy.

An example of an apparatus includes an inlet to receive a plurality of cells suspended in a solution. The apparatus also includes a microfluidic channel to transport the plurality of cells suspended in the solution. In addition, the apparatus includes a trap disposed along the microfluidic channel, wherein the trap is to isolate the plurality of cells suspended in the solution. Also, the apparatus includes a buffer supply to dispense a buffer to wash the plurality of cells and to remove the solution from the microfluidic channel. The apparatus further includes a sensor to measure a characteristic of the plurality of cells after isolated from the solution.

The invention belongs to the technical field of the quantitative statistical distribution analysis of the features from characteristic images of microstructures and precipitated phases in metal materials, and relates to a quantitative statistical distribution characterization method of precipitate particles with the full field of view in a metal material. The method comprises the following steps of electrolytic corrosion of a metallic material specimen, automatic collection of characteristic images of microstructure, automatic stitching and fusion of the full-view-field microstructure images, automatic identification and segmentation of the precipitate particles and quantitative distribution characterization of the precipitate particles with the full field of view in a large-range scale. By establishing a mathematic model, the large-range automatic stitching and fusion of the characteristic images of the full-view-field microstructures in a characteristic region and the automatic segmentation and identification of the precipitate particles are realized; and the quantitative statistical distribution characterization information of the full-view-field morphology, quantity, size, distribution and the like of plentiful precipitated phases in a larger range is quickly obtained. The method has the features of being accurate, high-efficiency and informative in quantitative distribution characterization, as well as has much more statistical representativeness compared with conventional single-view-field quantitative image analysis.

A system for grinding particles has an input and an output and a particle flow path between the input and the output for a particle flow. The system may include a milling apparatus configured to grind particles of the particle flow moving along the particle flow path to produce ground particles for the particle flow, and the milling apparatus being configured to reduce a size of the particles of the particle flow. The system may also include a sensor assembly configured to sense at least one characteristic of particles moving along the particle flow path, the sensor assembly utilizing near infrared (NIR) energy to sense the at least one characteristic of particles moving along the particle flow path.

The pneumatic tire of the present invention characterized by comprising: bead cores, a carcass ply, an inner liner disposed at an inner side than the carcass ply in a direction of a tire diameter, and a tread disposed at an outer side than the carcass ply in a direction of a tire diameter and having a volume of the low density region of 35% or more at elongation by an applied stress of 1.5 MPa, a volume of the void portion of 7.5% or less at elongation by an applied stress of 3.0 MPa and a filler dispersibility index G* shown by the following equation (I) of 3 or less and the crosslinked rubber composition having a volume of the low density region of 35% or more at elongation by an applied stress of 1.5 MPa, a volume of the void portion of 7.5 or less at elongation by an applied stress of 3.0 MPa and a filler dispersibility index G* shown by the following equation (I) of 3 or less are excellent in abrasion resistance.
G*=(G*(4%)G*(256%))/G*(256%)(I)
In the equation (I), G* (n %) indicates a shear modulus when an n % strain is applied.

The quadratic electro-optic effect (Kerr coefficients) is measured for metal nanoparticles within a transparent dielectric medium. In particular, gold nanoparticles in glass are studied. Measurements are made using a field-induced birefringence method. The magnitudes of the Kerr coefficients for different sizes of gold nanoparticles in glass are measured. The magnitudes significantly increase for smaller sizes of nanoparticles. These results imply a broad range of applications of metal nanoparticles in dielectric media, such as glass, in ultrafast (up to 100 GHZ or more) electro-optic modulation/switching, low-cost Kerr cells and other uses in optoelectronics. These results may be extended to various metal nanoparticles within various other transparent dielectric media such as polymers/plastics and ceramics, as well as in glass.

The present disclosure provides a particle size statistical method of granular minerals of shale, comprising: collecting shale samples; cutting the collected samples into the size of 1 cm1 cm1 cm; performing argon ion polishing; magnifying the samples by the field emission scanning electron microscopy, collecting 500-1000 images; using Adobe Photoshop to seamlessly splice the collected images; using ImageJ in combination with EDS energy spectrum to determine types of mineral particles, performing background subtraction, and setting a reasonable grayscale threshold to classify the particle minerals; performing binary processing on the images of selected mineral particle types; identifying edges of granular minerals, and using a Analyze Particles command to statistically analyze and measure particle sizes, and drawing a particle size distribution histogram. The method can perform precise measurement and statistics on the particle sizes of shale particle minerals, and can perform full-scale statistical analysis on the distribution of different mineral particle sizes in the shale.

Provided is a method for detecting respirable participles in a bulk material comprising particles. The method comprises: analyzing morphology of the particles; analyzing chemical composition of the particles; creating a profile of the particles, wherein each particle in the profile is characterized by its shape, size and chemical composition; selecting particles from the profile which match the size and chemical composition of a respirable particle; and calculating a percentage of the respirable particles in the bulk material.