A method of selecting retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells from a mixed population of cells is disclosed. The method comprises: (a) analyzing the cells of the mixed population of cells for at least one of the following parameters: (i) cells which autofluorescence above a predetermined threshold; (ii) cells which express CD81 above a predetermined threshold; and (iii) cells which scatter light perpendicular to a laser beam above a predetermined threshold; and (b) selecting cells which are positive for at least one of the parameters, thereby sorting RPE cells from a mixed population of cells.

Microscatterometry system for generating an angularly resolved scattered light profile from the collected data.

According to one embodiment, an optical inspection apparatus includes a first illuminator, an image-forming optical system, a scattering light selector, and an imaging element. The first illuminator is configured to emit a first light beam. The first light beam reflected by an object is incident on the image-forming optical system. The scattering light selector is configured to emit passing light beams of at least two mutually different wavelength regions, at the same time as the first light beam passes, a wavelength spectrum of at least one of the passing light beams being different from a wavelength spectrum of the reflected first light beam. The passing light beams simultaneously form an image on the imaging element.

Methods and systems for relaying an optical image using a cascade arrangement of tilted, concave mirrors are presented. An exemplary optical relay system includes a cascade arrangement of four mirrors each having concave, spherical surface figures. The first and third mirrors are configured to focus collimated wavefronts and the second and fourth mirrors re-collimate diverging wavefronts reflected from the first and third mirrors. Each mirror is tilted such that wavefronts located in the local field plane and local pupil plane of each mirror are physically separated. The magnitude and direction of each tilt angle are arranged such that off-axis aberrations introduced by each individual mirrors are largely compensated by the other mirrors. Such an optical relay system is employed to relay images of the pupil plane of a metrology system that is configured to perform accurate measurements of semiconductor structures and materials over a broad range of illumination wavelengths.

An apparatus for photo-acoustic measurement of a measurement target in a fluid flow comprises:an ellipsoidal measurement chamber (3) having a first focal point and a second focal point; a duct (6, 7, 8) configured to guide a fluid flow through the measurement chamber (3) along a first axis (X) through the first focal point; light source means for generating an excitation light beam of modulated intensity; means configured to pass the excitation light beam through the measurement chamber (3) along a second axis (Y), which is different from the first axis (X), such that the excitation light beam crosses the fluid flow at the first focal point and that the crossing of the fluid flow and the excitation light beam defines an excitation volume (4) within which the fluid flow is excited by the excitation light beam to generate acoustic waves; and detecting means (5) arranged at the second focal point and configured to detect said acoustic waves, wherein the detecting means has no direct contact with the fluid flow, and wherein the ellipsoidal measurement chamber has inner walls that are configured to focus the acoustic waves generated by the excitation light beam within the excitation volume (4) onto the detecting means (5).

A method of operating a multi-angle, multi-wave array may comprise, emitting a first light at a blue wavelength, emitting a second light at an infrared wavelength, emitting a third light at an ultraviolet wavelength, and detecting a scattered light from each of the first light, the second light, and the third light at a plurality of light sensing devices wherein the detection of scattered light is determinative between categories of foreign object debris including solid objects and particulates including silicate sand, water vapor, dust, volcanic ash, sea-salt aerosol, and smoke.

To provide a technique of obtaining the reflection characteristics of an object, which can reproduce the appearance of the object more correctly, an information processing apparatus obtains a plurality of measurement values by receiving, from each of a plurality of directions, reflected light from an object illuminated by light from a given direction, and derives, based on the plurality of measurement values, a characteristic of specular reflection light as a reflected light component in a specular reflection direction corresponding to the given direction with respect to a surface of the object, a characteristic of internal diffuse reflection light as a reflected light component after scattering and absorption in the object, and a characteristic of surface diffuse reflection light as a reflected light component which has been diffused on the surface of the object.

An illumination source may include two or more input light sources, a collector, and any combination of a beam uniformizer, a speckle reducer, or any number of output fibers to provide a selected illumination etendue. The collector may include one or more lenses to combine illumination from the two or more input light sources into an illumination beam, where the illumination from the two or more input light sources occupy different portions of an input aperture of the collector. The beam uniformizer may include a first noncircular-core fiber to receive the illumination beam, a second noncircular-core fiber, and one or more coupling lenses to relay a far-field distribution of the illumination beam from the first noncircular-core fiber to an input face of the second noncircular-core fiber to provide output light with uniform near-field and far-field distributions.

A low energy particle detection device comprises alight source, multiple photodetectors positioned at different scattering angles, and a microcontroller for computing a total mass concentration of fine and ultrafine particles and a mass fraction of ultrafine particles to fine particles in an incoming air particle airflow based on the ratio of the readings from the multiple photodetectors. The optical particle detection device also can determine surface area concentration of the air particle sample and the associated lung deposited surface area (LDSA) to measure and improve estimates of air quality.

A low energy particle detection device comprises alight source, multiple photodetectors positioned at different scattering angles, and a microcontroller for computing a total mass concentration of fine and ultrafine particles and a mass fraction of ultrafine particles to fine particles in an incoming air particle airflow based on the ratio of the readings from the multiple photodetectors. The optical particle detection device also can determine surface area concentration of the air particle sample and the associated lung deposited surface area (LDSA) to measure and improve estimates of air quality.