Embodiments of the present disclosure are disclosed for enhancing resolution for nonlinear optical microscopy. Embodiments include pulse picking using a modulator, such as an acousto-optic modulator, that is optionally controlled by a function generator or a frequency divider. Some embodiments spatially overlap two laser beams prior to the modulator, and still additional embodiments include separating the 1.sup.st diffraction order of the modulated laser output of the acousto-optic modulator and directing the 1.sup.st diffraction order to a microscope. Some embodiments chirp a spatially overlapped laser beam with one pulse rate to a spatially overlapped laser beam with a higher pulse rate, while still additional embodiments utilize a coherent Raman scattering microscope.

An apparatus to provide a label-free or native particle analysis comprises a light generating system producing first light pulses at a first wavelength and second light pulses at a second wavelength; and a flow cell coupled to the light generating system to convey particles for analysis. The light generating system is configured to chirp at least one of the first light pulses and the second light pulses to analyze the particles.

A system is provided. The system has a femtosecond oscillator to generate pulses used for pump and probe beams. A photonic crystal fiber is disposed in a path of the probe beam and produces pulses for a chirped probe beam. A high NA objective receives the pump and the chirped probe beam, redirects the received beams through a dielectric substrate towards an interface between a sample and the dielectric substrate to cause total internal reflection (TIR) at the sample-substrate interface, and produces corresponding evanescent waves in a portion of the sample adjacent to the sample-substrate interface, and collects a backward-propagating beam of pulses of responsive light. The portion of the sample illuminated by the evanescent waves emits responsive light. The dielectric substrate is transparent to the responsive light, the pump and the chirped probe beam. An image is produced having a specific image size using the received backward-propagating beam.

Nucleic acid sequencing methods and systems, the systems including nanochannel chip including: a nanochannel formed in an upper surface of the nanochannel chip and; a roof covering the nanochannel and comprising nanopores and a field enhancement structure; and a barrier disposed in the nanochannel. The method including: introducing a buffer solution including long-chain nucleic acids to the nanochannel chip; applying a voltage potential across the nanochannel chip to drive the nucleic acids through the nanochannel, towards the barrier, and to translocate the nucleic acids through nanopores adjacent to the barrier, such that bases of each of the nucleic acids pass through the field enhancement structure one base at a time and emerge onto an upper surface of the roof; detecting the Raman spectra of the bases of the nucleic acids as each base passes through the electromagnetic-field enhancement structure; and sequencing the nucleic acids based on the detected Raman spectra.

A light source employed in a coherent Raman scattering (CRS) spectroscopic apparatus or a CRS microscope includes a chromium forsterite laser (CrFL), a variable delay optical path configured to delay one optical pulse of branched optical pulses obtained by dividing an optical pulse from the CrFL according to a power, a highly nonlinear waveguide into which the other optical pulse of the branched optical pulses is input, a first wavelength filter connected to an output of the highly nonlinear waveguide, an ytterbium-doped glass fiber optical amplifier (YbFA) connected to an output of the wavelength filter, and a second wavelength filter connected to an output of the YbFA. The light source includes a one-optical path mode in which two wavelength bands corresponding to Raman scattering wavenumbers to be used for measurement are selected from an output of the variable delay optical path, and a two-optical path mode in which an output of the variable delay optical path and an output of the second wavelength filter are time-synchronized.

A system for measurement is provided. The system includes a first optical path configured to supply first light pulses with a first range of wavelengths; a second optical path configured to supply second light pulses with a second range of wavelengths shorter than the first range of wavelengths; an optical I/O unit configured to emit the first light pulses and the second light pulses to a target and acquire a light from the target to detect CARS light pluses from the target by a detector; and a first phase modulating unit configured to vary phase differences between the first light pulses and the second light pulses as the first light pulses and the second light pulses are emitted via the optical I/O unit.

According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, it is possible to provide method, system, arrangement, computer-accessible medium and device to stimulate individual neurons in brain slices in any arbitrary spatio-temporal pattern, using two-photon uncaging of photo-sensitive compounds such as MNI-glutamate and/or RuBi-Glutamate with beam multiplexing. Such exemplary method and device can have single-cell and three-dimensional precision. For example, by sequentially stimulating up to a thousand potential presynaptic neurons, it is possible to generate detailed functional maps of inputs to a cell. In addition, it is possible to combine this exemplary approach with two-photon calcium imaging in an all-optical method to image and manipulate circuit activity. Further exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can include a light-weight, compact portable device providing for uses in a wide variety of applications.

A system including a signal obtaining module and a controller is provided. The signal obtaining module includes: a receiver to which an emission light generated in the target by an excitation light is input; a receiving optical path that guides the emission light and a residual light, which is at least a part of the excitation light propagated forward, coaxially between the target and the receiver; a separator that separates the residual light from the receiving optical path to be routed to an image sensor; and an actuator for controlling an optical relative position between the target and the receiver. The controller includes a module that controls the actuator to maintain an optical alignment.

A system includes an optical module for supplying a Stokes light, a pump light and a probe light for generating a CARS light is provided. The optical module includes a fiber laser module and an optical plate. The fiber laser module includes an oscillator, a generator, a first amplifier, a second amplifier and a LD power distributor that is configured to distribute a laser power from a first laser diode to the oscillator as an oscillation source, to the generator as a pump power, to the first preamplifier as a pump power and to the second preamplifier as a pump power.

A coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering apparatus for imaging a sample includes an optical output; an optical source arranged to generate a first optical signal at a first wavelength; and a nonlinear element arranged to receive the first optical signal, where the nonlinear element is arranged to cause the first optical signal to undergo four-wave mixing on transmission through the nonlinear element such that a second optical signal at a second wavelength and a third optical signal at a third wavelength are generated, wherein an optical signal pair including two of the first, second and third optical signals is provided to the optical output for imaging the sample.