Apparatus and methods for determining a concentration of one or more halogen-containing ions in a sample, including but not limited to: soils, aquifers, groundwater, drinking water, soil, tissue, blood, sewage sludge, compost, and landfill leachate, Particularly, the apparatus and processes are used for the destruction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), per- and polyfluorocarbons (PFCs), pesticides, munitions, 1,4-dioxane, pharmaceuticals, microplastics, and others. High destruction efficiencies of these substances is desirable for determination of compliance with government regulations. Apparatus include batch- and continuous-type reactor systems. Processes include supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) and hydrothermal alkaline treatments (HALT).

In a quantitative determination device 10 for brominated flame-retardant compounds, a storage section 41 holds a relative response factor 411 representing a relationship of a measured intensity of a compared compound to that of a reference compound selected from target compounds. A standard-sample measurer 43 acquires the intensity of the reference compound by measuring a standard sample, using an analyzer 10, 20. A target-sample measurer 45 acquires the intensities of the reference and compared compounds by measuring a target sample, using the analyzer. A reference-compound quantity determiner 46 determines a quantitative value of the reference compound in the target sample. A compared-compound quantity determiner 47 determines a quantitative value of the compared compound based on the quantity of the reference compound in the standard sample, intensity of the reference compound acquired by the standard-sample measurer, intensity of the compared compound acquired by the target-sample measurer, and relative response factor of the compared compound.

The invention relates to a method and apparatus for evaluating reaction molecular byproducts of pyrotechnic reactions. A closed calorimetry bomb holds pyrotechnic material, which is detonated by a charge. The calorimetry bomb is vented directly into a gas chromatography machine, where gas phase molecules are separated based on their polarity. The separated molecules are then injected into a mass spectrometer and characterized by their mass fragmentation. The remaining residual solids within the bomb are extracted and injected into a liquid chromatography instrument where they are separated by their polarity. The separated molecules are then injected into a mass spectrometer and characterized by their mass fragmentation pattern. The method provides a complete picture of the reaction pathways and products to aid in regulatory compliance of incorporating energetic materials into real-world applications, particularly those in the family of PFAS containing compositions.

The invention discloses a detection method based on supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and post-column dicationic ionic liquid (DIL) charge complexation, which includes the following steps: (1) The supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS) was prepared by mixing heptanol, tetrahydrofuran, and water; (2) Sample pretreatment: the SUPRAS was used to extract the sample for subsequent analysis; (3) Analysis of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) using SFC separation, post-column DIL-based charge complexation, and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The invention established a novel analytical method for the detection of PFCs in textiles incorporating post-chromatographic DIL-based charge complexation and SFC coupled with ESI-MS. The DIL reagent formed positively charged complexes with anionic analytes during the ESI process, facilitating MS detection in the positive ion mode with enhanced detection sensitivity.

A method and system for injecting an unconcentrated sample into a receiving LC/MS/MS system that is configured to determine a concentration of one or more PFAS analytes within the unconcentrated sample, wherein the LC/MS/MS includes ESI. The unconcentrated sample is subjected to the following ESI conditions: i) a probe gas temperature of approximately 120° C. to approximately 180° C.; ii) a sheath gas heater setting of approximately 250° C. to approximately 400° C.; and iii) a sheath gas flow of approximately 8 L/min to approximately 12 L/min. The unconcentrated sample's concentration and/or an injected amount of the one or more PFAS analytes is determined.

The present invention relates to method and an apparatus for quantitatively analyzing a gaseous process stream, in particular a stream from a process for producing ethylene carbonate and/or ethylene glycol, in particular where such stream comprises gaseous organic iodides.

A method of determining total organofluorine in a sample comprising PFAS, comprising: providing a solution of PFAS in an organic solvent to obtain extracted PFAS, or extracting a sample with an organic solvent to obtain extracted PFAS; treating the extracted PFAS with a sodium metal dispersion and alcohol to obtain sodium fluoride; and quantifying the amount of the fluoride. Surprisingly, we discovered that the method recovered substantial fluorine from PFAS and significantly higher yields obtained by selection of the appropriate alcohols. The method is selective for organofluorine from inorganic fluorine.

The present invention relates to method and an apparatus for quantitatively analyzing a gaseous process stream, in particular a stream from a process for producing ethylene carbonate and/or ethylene glycol, in particular where such stream comprises gaseous organic iodides.

The present invention relates to method and an apparatus for quantitatively analyzing a gaseous process stream, in particular a stream from a process for producing ethylene carbonate and/or ethylene glycol, in particular where such stream comprises gaseous organic iodides.

The invention relates to a method and apparatus for evaluating reaction molecular byproducts of pyrotechnic reactions. A closed calorimetry bomb holds pyrotechnic material, which is detonated by a charge. The calorimetry bomb is vented directly into a gas chromatography machine, where gas phase molecules are separated based on their polarity. The separated molecules are then injected into a mass spectrometer and characterized by their mass fragmentation. The remaining residual solids within the bomb are extracted and injected into a liquid chromatography instrument where they are separated by their polarity. The separated molecules are then injected into a mass spectrometer and characterized by their mass fragmentation pattern. The method provides a complete picture of the reaction pathways and products to aid in regulatory compliance of incorporating energetic materials into real-world applications, particularly those in the family of PFAS containing compositions.