A system includes at least one earpiece wherein each earpiece comprises an earpiece housing, a light source operatively connected to each earpiece housing and configured to transmit substantially coherent light toward an outer surface of a user's body, a light receiver operatively connected to the earpiece housing proximate to the light source and configured to receive reflected light from the outer surface of the user's body, and one or more processors disposed within the earpiece housing and operatively connected to the light source and light receiver, wherein one or more processors is configured to determine bone vibration measurements from the reflected light. A method of determining bone vibrations includes providing at least one earpiece, transmitting substantially coherent light toward an outer surface of a user's body using the earpiece, receiving reflected light from the outer surface of the user's body using the earpiece, and determining bone vibration measurements using the earpiece.

A method comprises non-destructive contact-free physical characterization of a sample by repeated excitations of the surface of a sample with a sequence of pulses comprising at least one pump pulse by a first “pump” laser followed by a succession of L temporarily offset pulses by a second “probe” laser, and the analysis of the beam emitted by the surface of the sample by an activated photodetector, for the acquisition of signals delivered by the photodetectors during constant time windows.

Embodiments described herein generally relate to devices, systems and methods for measuring the dose remaining in a drug delivery device that is used for delivering a dose to a patient. In some embodiments, a dose measurement system for measuring the liquid volume in a container includes a plurality of light sources which are disposed and configured to emit electromagnetic radiation toward the container. A plurality of sensors are located in the apparatus that are optically coupleable to the plurality of light sources and are disposed and configured to detect the electromagnetic radiation emitted by at least a portion of the light sources. The apparatus also includes a processing unit configured to receive data representing the portion of the detected electromagnetic radiation from each of the plurality of sensors. The processing unit is further operable to convert the received data into a signature representative of the electromagnetic radiation detected by the plurality of sensors.

A photoacoustic remote sensing system for imaging a subsurface structure in a sample, comprising exactly one laser source configured to generate a pulsed or intensity-modulated excitation beam configured to generate ultrasonic pressure signals in the sample at an excitation location, and an interrogation beam incident on the sample at the excitation location, a portion of the interrogation beam returning from the sample that is indicative of the generated ultrasonic pressure signals, an optical system configured to focus the excitation beam and the interrogation beam below a surface of the sample, a detector configured to detect the returning portion of the interrogation beam, and a processor configured to calculate an image of the sample based on a detected intensity modulation of the returning portion of the interrogation beam from below the surface of the sample.

In a defect detection device (10), an input receiver (161) receives an input, by a user, of information concerning the kind and size of a defect expected to be present in or on a test object. An exciter (11, 12) induces an elastic wave in the test object, with the frequency of the elastic wave being variable. A measurer (15) optically measures a vibration state of the surface of the test object caused by the elastic wave. A wavelength determiner (164) determines the wavelength of the elastic wave induced in the test object, based on the vibration state obtained by the measurer. A frequency selector (165) selects an appropriate frequency from a plurality of frequencies, based on the kind and size of the expected defect as well as the wavelength acquired for each of the plurality of frequencies by the wavelength determiner by varying the frequency of the elastic wave.

A Ramsey spectrometer is provided with an optical path, an optical path length stabilization circuit configured to stabilize a length of the optical path, a modulator optically connected to the optical path, the modulator being configured to generate resonant laser light of a first frequency f1 that causes a resonance of an atom, a molecule, or an ion as a spectroscopic target in pulses a plurality of times and generates non-resonant laser light of a second frequency f2 that does not cause the resonance, and a spectroscopic unit configured to spectroscope the spectroscopic target. The spectroscopic unit detects a state change of the spectroscopic target corresponding to the first frequency f1, the state change being caused by irradiating the resonant laser light to the spectroscopic target.

A photoacoustic apparatus, comprising: at least one optical amplifier, configured to produce light; at least one photonic integrated circuit, configured as a tunable light filter; light guiding means, wherein the at least one optical amplifier, at least one photonic integrated circuit and light guiding means are configured as an optical cavity to produce laser light having an optical path within the optical cavity; and at least one acoustic sensor configured to detect sound produced by analyte introduced into the optical path of the laser light.

A radiation source for obliquely launching a narrowband electromagnetic radiation into a cavity, comprises an emitter structure having a main radiation emission region for emitting the narrowband electromagnetic radiation, wherein the emitter structure is optically coupled to the cavity, and a layer element coupled to the main radiation emission region of the emitter structure, wherein the layer element comprises a radiation deflection structure configured for deflecting the radiation emission characteristic of the emitter structure with respect to the surface normal of the main radiation emission region of the emitter structure.

A photoacoustic remote sensing system for imaging a subsurface structure in a sample, comprising exactly one laser source configured to generate a pulsed or intensity-modulated excitation beam configured to generate ultrasonic pressure signals in the sample at an excitation location, and an interrogation beam incident on the sample at the excitation location, a portion of the interrogation beam returning from the sample that is indicative of the generated ultrasonic pressure signals, an optical system configured to focus the excitation beam and the interrogation beam below a surface of the sample, a detector configured to detect the returning portion of the interrogation beam, and a processor configured to calculate an image of the sample based on a detected intensity modulation of the returning portion of the interrogation beam from below the surface of the sample.

Disclosed is a laser irradiation state diagnosing method which allows accurately diagnosing a laser irradiation state. When irradiating a laser beam so that an irradiation spot scans the surface of the irradiation object, acoustic information in vicinity of the irradiation spot is acquired. And based on characteristics of the acoustic information, such as an intensity of a component of a specific frequency band or a frequency band distribution, a state of peeling of the adhered substances existing on the surface of the irradiation object is determined.