The present invention provides a reflective polarized-light separating diffraction-element usable in a wide wavelength region including an ultraviolet region, and an optical measurement device comprising the same. The reflective polarized-light separating diffraction-element comprises: a substrate (1); a reflection surface (2) formed on a surface of the substrate (1); and a lattice structured body assembly (3) that is provided on the reflection surface (2) and shows a form birefringence (Δn*). The lattice structured body assembly (3) consists of lattice structured bodies (3A, 3B, 3C and 3D) of four patterns having lattice structures of different azimuths. The lattice structured bodies (3A, 3B, 3C and 3D) of a plurality of patterns are aligned on the reflection surface 2 in a predetermined direction such that the azimuths of the lattice structures change in a structurally periodic manner.

A detection apparatus according to one aspect of this disclosure includes: two or more housings connectable to each other; a first photodetector connectable to a corresponding one of the two or more housings; and a second photodetector connectable to a corresponding one of the two or more housings. Each of the housings includes a first connecting portion to which the first photodetector is connectable, a second connecting portion to which the second photodetector is connectable, and a third opening facing the first connecting portion. At least one of the housings includes a dichroic mirror placed between a first opening and the third opening. The dichroic mirror allows light having a first wavelength in incident light from the third opening to pass through the dichroic mirror toward the first opening, while the dichroic mirror reflects light having a second wavelength in the incident light toward the second opening.

A detection apparatus according to one aspect of this disclosure includes: two or more housings connectable to each other; a first photodetector connectable to a corresponding one of the two or more housings; and a second photodetector connectable to a corresponding one of the two or more housings. Each of the housings includes a first connecting portion to which the first photodetector is connectable, a second connecting portion to which the second photodetector is connectable, and a third opening facing the first connecting portion. At least one of the housings includes a dichroic mirror placed between a first opening and the third opening. The dichroic mirror allows light having a first wavelength in incident light from the third opening to pass through the dichroic mirror toward the first opening, while the dichroic mirror reflects light having a second wavelength in the incident light toward the second opening.

Devices and methods for controlling the properties of chemical species during time-dependent processes. A device includes a reactor for containing one or more chemical species of a time-dependent process, an extraction pump for automatically and continuously extracting an amount of the one or more chemical species from the reactor, one or more detectors for measuring property changes of the one or more extracted chemical species and generating a continuous stream of data related to the one or more property changes to the one or more chemical species during a time interval, and a process controller configured to fit the continuous stream of data to a mathematical function to predict one or more properties of the one or more chemical species at a future time point and make one or more process decisions based on the prediction of one or more properties at the future time point.

Disclosed herein are nanostructured plasmonic materials. The nanostructured plasmonic materials can include a first nanostructured layer comprising: a first layer of a first plasmonic material permeated by a first plurality of spaced-apart holes, wherein the first plurality of spaced apart holes comprise a first array; and a second nanostructured layer comprising a second layer of a second plasmonic material permeated by a second plurality of spaced-apart holes, wherein the second plurality of spaced apart holes comprise a second array; wherein the second nanostructured layer is located proximate the first nanostructured layer; and wherein the first principle axis of the first array is rotated at a rotation angle compared to the first principle axis of the second array.

Disclosed herein are nanostructured plasmonic materials. The nanostructured plasmonic materials can include a first nanostructured layer comprising: a first layer of a first plasmonic material permeated by a first plurality of spaced-apart holes, wherein the first plurality of spaced apart holes comprise a first array; and a second nanostructured layer comprising a second layer of a second plasmonic material permeated by a second plurality of spaced-apart holes, wherein the second plurality of spaced apart holes comprise a second array; wherein the second nanostructured layer is located proximate the first nanostructured layer; and wherein the first principle axis of the first array is rotated at a rotation angle compared to the first principle axis of the second array.

An actuator is provided that includes a housing, a linear actuating shaft disposed within the housing, a piston coupled with the shaft, and a fluid barrier disposed on an end of the shaft and encircled by the piston. The piston is movable longitudinally between an extended configuration and a retracted configuration upon rotation of the shaft. The fluid barrier engages an inner surface of the piston preventing fluid communication across the fluid barrier. The fluid barrier has a shaft engaging side which receives the shaft and a fluid facing side. A cavity is formed between the piston and the fluid facing side and expands when the piston moves to the extended configuration and contracts when the piston moves to the retracted configuration. A port is disposed in the piston and extends from the cavity to external the piston thereby permitting fluid communication between the cavity and external the piston.

An electronic device acquires polarization information of a subject based on a plurality of pieces of image data based on a first signal output from a first sensor. The first sensor can capture an optical image of the subject acquired via a polarizing filter provided with areas having different polarization angles. The device further acquires an evaluation value for controlling brightness of an image at the time of capturing the optical image of the subject, based on the plurality of pieces of image data. The plurality of pieces of image data have different polarization angles, by respectively being acquired via areas of the polarizing filter having the plurality of different polarization angles. A degree of weighting to be assigned to the plurality of pieces of image data at the time of acquiring the evaluation value based on the polarization information.

An electronic device acquires polarization information of a subject based on a plurality of pieces of image data based on a first signal output from a first sensor. The first sensor can capture an optical image of the subject acquired via a polarizing filter provided with areas having different polarization angles. The device further acquires an evaluation value for controlling brightness of an image at the time of capturing the optical image of the subject, based on the plurality of pieces of image data. The plurality of pieces of image data have different polarization angles, by respectively being acquired via areas of the polarizing filter having the plurality of different polarization angles. A degree of weighting to be assigned to the plurality of pieces of image data at the time of acquiring the evaluation value based on the polarization information.

Methods and apparatuses for manufacturing are disclosed, including (a) providing an apparatus having: a laser; scanner; powder injection system; powder spreading system; dichroic filter; imager-and-processor; and computer; (b) programming the computer with specifications of a sample; (c) using the computer to set initial parameters based on the sample specifications; (d) adjusting a stage to position the sample; (e) focusing and scanning electromagnetic radiation onto the sample while powder is concurrently injected onto the sample in order to deposit a layer; (f) capturing two-dimensional images of the sample and probing the sample to determine whether the deposited layer was manufactured per the specifications; (g) use the computer to adjust the three-dimensional manufacturing parameters based on the determination made in step (f) prior to additively manufacturing a subsequent layer or making repairs; and (h) repeating steps (d), (e), (f), and (g) until the manufacture is complete. Other embodiments are described and claimed.