A semiconductor device measuring device includes: a light generator which generates light; a polarizer which polarizes the light; a wafer stage including a first load port on which an undoped reference wafer is loaded, and a second load port on which a doped sample wafer is loaded, the wafer stage being movable to first and second positions at which the polarized light is incident on the reference wafer and the sample wafer, respectively; a spectroscope which collects first and second Raman spectral information of light reflected from the reference and sample wafers, respectively; a photodetector which detects first and second Raman scattering signals based on the first and second Raman spectral information, respectively; a spectrum corrector which corrects the second Raman scattering signal using the first Raman scattering signal; and a controller which calculates a concentration of the dopant of the sample wafer using the corrected scattering signal.

Systems, apparatus and methods determine the presence of a volatile substance in expired breath. Alcohol concentrations can be determined from expired breath through the use of electromagnetic detection. The systems, apparatus and methods allow measurements of volatile substances to be done accurately and quickly over a wide range of temperatures, and are easily incorporated into vehicles.

A fluid delivery system and process for fluid delivery is provided that is useful in in flow-injection based sensing measurements, wherein samples from a sample rack are introduced into a flow cell where sensing measurements are taken. The system and process utilize at least two holding lines where each holding line can retain one of the samples prior to injection of the thus retained sample into a flow cell. The introduction of the samples from the sample racks to the holding lines is alternated and the injection of the samples from the holding lines to the flow cell are alternated so that one holding line is loaded with one of the samples simultaneously with another sample being injected from the another holding line to the flow cell.

A gas sensor for measuring concentration of a predetermined gas includes a light source (2) arranged to emit pulses of light, a measurement volume (10), a detector (4) arranged to receive light that has passed through the measurement volume (10), and an adaptable filter (6) disposed between the light source (2) and the detector (4). The gas sensor has a measurement state in which it passes at least one wavelength band which is absorbed by the gas and a reference state in which said wavelength band is attenuated relative to the measurement state. A controller is connected to each of the light source, the detector and the adaptable filter to change the adaptable filter between one of said measurement state and said reference state to the other at least once during a gas sensor operation period.

A gas sensor for measuring concentration of a predetermined gas includes a light source (2) arranged to emit pulses of light, a measurement volume (10), a detector (4) arranged to receive light that has passed through the measurement volume (10), and an adaptable filter (6) disposed between the light source (2) and the detector (4). The gas sensor has a measurement state in which it passes at least one wavelength band which is absorbed by the gas and a reference state in which said wavelength band is attenuated relative to the measurement state. A controller is connected to each of the light source, the detector and the adaptable filter to change the adaptable filter between one of said measurement state and said reference state to the other at least once during a gas sensor operation period.

A fluid delivery system and process for fluid delivery is provided that is useful in in flow-injection based sensing measurements, wherein samples from a sample rack are introduced into a flow cell where sensing measurements are taken. The system and process utilize at least two holding lines where each holding line can retain one of the samples prior to injection of the thus retained sample into a flow cell. The introduction of the samples from the sample racks to the holding lines is alternated and the injection of the samples from the holding lines to the flow cell are alternated so that one holding line is loaded with one of the samples simultaneously with another sample being injected from the another holding line to the flow cell.

A fluid delivery system and process for fluid delivery is provided that is useful in in flow-injection based sensing measurements, wherein samples from a sample rack are introduced into a flow cell where sensing measurements are taken. The system and process utilize at least two holding lines where each holding line can retain one of the samples prior to injection of the thus retained sample into a flow cell. The introduction of the samples from the sample racks to the holding lines is alternated and the injection of the samples from the holding lines to the flow cell are alternated so that one holding line is loaded with one of the samples simultaneously with another sample being injected from the another holding line to the flow cell.

A flow cell analyzes a fluid sample. A flow cell body contains a reference material and includes at least one hollow chamber to contain the fluid sample. Opposing surfaces of the flow cell body each have at least one transparent portion thereof. An optical path for light traversing through the flow cell body is defined in part by the transparent portions. A switching mechanism adjusts the amount of the reference material in the optical path to effect switching of the flow cell between a reference measurement state and a fluid sample measurement state. The reference measurement state corresponds to a first light intensity measurement and the fluid sample measurement state corresponds to a second light intensity measurement.

A flow cell analyzes a fluid sample. A flow cell body contains a reference material and includes at least one hollow chamber to contain the fluid sample. Opposing surfaces of the flow cell body each have at least one transparent portion thereof. An optical path for light traversing through the flow cell body is defined in part by the transparent portions. A switching mechanism adjusts the amount of the reference material in the optical path to effect switching of the flow cell between a reference measurement state and a fluid sample measurement state. The reference measurement state corresponds to a first light intensity measurement and the fluid sample measurement state corresponds to a second light intensity measurement.

Disclosed is a method for preparing dispersion gradients and an SPR injection method for determining full kinetics and affinity analysis in the presence of a competitor molecule. The SPR injection provides a dispersion gradient of two or more samples to a SPR flow cell and detector.