Described embodiments include a culture incubator, method, and sensor circuit. A culture incubator includes an accessible incubation compartment configured to contain a culture item at a specified incubation temperature; a phase change material having a phase transition temperature over the specified incubation temperature; and a heat transfer element in thermal communication with the phase change material and configured to transfer heat to the phase change material. A sensor circuit is configured to acquire data indicative of a phase composition state of the phase change material. A manager circuit is configured to determine a difference between the phase composition state and a target phase composition state for the phase change material. A controller circuit is configured to transfer heat to the phase change material in an amount estimated to change the phase composition state of the phase change material to the target phase composition state.

A method for testing solid acid hydrolysis in a formation. The method includes introducing a test sample into a test cell, where the test sample includes an upper structure, a lower structure, and a solid acid disposed between the upper and lower structures. The pressure and temperature of the test cell are increased to simulate downhole conditions. A velocity of an acoustic p-wave and/or acoustic s-wave is through the test sample is measured while the temperature is increasing from an initial temperature to a final temperature. A temperature of onset of solid acid hydrolysis based on the measured velocity is determined.

The present disclosure discloses a method for on-line measurement of the polymer melt temperature, comprising: on-line measurement of ultrasonic sound velocity c of melt in an injection molding process, on-line measurement of melt pressure P in the injection molding process, and obtaining melt temperature T in the injection molding process by formula (1). The present disclosure also discloses an apparatus for on-line measurement of the polymer melt temperature. The method and the apparatus provided in the present disclosure may enable on-line and in-situ characterization of the melt density and further enable on-line quantitative measurement of the melt quality. Compared with infrared measurement methods, the method provided herein is significantly reduced in cost, which is of great significance to theoretical researches of crystallization process and shear heating.

A method for testing solid acid hydrolysis in a formation. The method includes introducing a test sample into a test cell, where the test sample includes an upper structure, a lower structure, and a solid acid disposed between the upper and lower structures. The pressure and temperature of the test cell are increased to simulate downhole conditions. A velocity of an acoustic p-wave and/or acoustic s-wave is through the test sample is measured while the temperature is increasing from an initial temperature to a final temperature. A temperature of onset of solid acid hydrolysis based on the measured velocity is determined.

A monitoring technique for a melting process including monitoring a melt pool produced by a heat source during the melting process, the monitoring comprising measuring ultrasonic time of flight of the melt pool via one or more ultrasonic transducers, wherein the melt pool comprises one or more metals, alloys, or a combination thereof. A system for carrying out the monitoring technique, and melting processes and systems utilizing the monitoring technique are also provided.

The present disclosure discloses a method for on-line measurement of the polymer melt temperature, comprising: on-line measurement of ultrasonic sound velocity c of melt in an injection molding process, on-line measurement of melt pressure P in the injection molding process, and obtaining melt temperature T in the injection molding process by formula (1). The present disclosure also discloses an apparatus for on-line measurement of the polymer melt temperature. The method and the apparatus provided in the present disclosure may enable on-line and in-situ characterization of the melt density and further enable on-line quantitative measurement of the melt quality. Compared with infrared measurement methods, the method provided herein is significantly reduced in cost, which is of great significance to theoretical researches of crystallization process and shear heating.

The invention relates to a method and a device for quantitive determination of a number and size of particulate components contained in a medium flowing along a flow channel. Ultrasonic waves are coupled into the flowing medium, which are reflected at least partially by the particulate components and reflected ultrasonic wave portions which are detected in a ultrasonic time signals, on which the quantitive determination is based. Amplitude values associated with the individual ultrasonic time signals, are detected which are each greater than an amplitude threshold value established for each ultrasonic time signal: The detected amplitude values are assigned to values describing the size and the number of the particulate components.

A high-temperature and high-pressure speed of sound apparatus measures the speed of sound in a sample at high-temperature and high-pressure, the apparatus includes: a defined-length spacer that has a fixed length spacer portion; an acoustic reflector, such that a crucible is interposed between the acoustic reflector and a pressure vessel, the pressure vessel in which is disposed the crucible, the disposed defined-length spacer, the sample, an acoustic reflector, and an acoustic rod; and the acoustic rod on which is disposed an ultrasonic transducer.

The invention relates to a method and a device for quantitively determining a number and size of particulate components contained in a medium flowing along a flow channel. Ultrasonic waves are coupled into the flowing medium, which are reflected at least partially by the particulate components and reflected ultrasonic wave portions which are detected in a ultrasonic time signals, on which the quantitive determination is based.

The invention comprises method steps of: coupling the ultrasonic waves into the flowing medium in at least one portion of the coupled-in ultrasonic waves is reflected by a wall of the flow channel bordering the flow medium or a reflector introduced within the flow channel, from which an echo-ultrasonic time signal associated with the wall or the reflector is generated:

At least one amplitude threshold value function in determined which establishes an amplitude threshold value for each detected ultrasonic time signal which takes into consideration at least the -ultrasonic time signal:

Amplitude values associated with the individual ultrasonic time signals, are detected which are each greater than an amplitude threshold value established for each ultrasonic time signal: The detected amplitude values are assigned to values describing the size and the number of the particulate components.

A method of monitoring an additive manufacturing process in which a directed energy source is used to create a weld pool at an exposed build surface of a mass of powdered material, and selectively fuse the powdered material to form a workpiece, the method including measuring acoustic energy generated by the weld pool to generate a measured acoustic profile.