Measurement apparatus including an optical sensor, which performs repeatedly transmission measurements through moving sheet of paper or board at at least one wavelength band dominantly absorbed by water, at at least one wavelength band dominantly absorbed by cellulose. The apparatus also includes an X-ray sensor, which performs repeatedly transmission measurements through the moving sheet of paper or board with photons of electromagnetic radiation (1 keV to 10 keV). The apparatus comprises a data processing unit, which receives signals with information on intensities of the optical and X-ray radiations passed through the sheet from the optical sensor and the X-ray sensor, and determines, based on the information, all of the following of the moving sheet: the dry stuff content as a function of the cellulose mass per unit area of the sheet, water mass per unit area of the sheet and the ash mass per unit area of the sheet.

Measurement apparatus including an optical sensor, which performs repeatedly transmission measurements through moving sheet of paper or board at at least one wavelength band dominantly absorbed by water, at at least one wavelength band dominantly absorbed by cellulose. The apparatus also includes an X-ray sensor, which performs repeatedly transmission measurements through the moving sheet of paper or board with photons of electromagnetic radiation (1 keV to 10 keV). The apparatus comprises a data processing unit, which receives signals with information on intensities of the optical and X-ray radiations passed through the sheet from the optical sensor and the X-ray sensor, and determines, based on the information, all of the following of the moving sheet: the dry stuff content as a function of the cellulose mass per unit area of the sheet, water mass per unit area of the sheet and the ash mass per unit area of the sheet.

A system includes a top scanner head configured over a coated substrate. An x-ray sensor and a second x-ray sensor scan the coated substrate. At least one of the x-ray sensor and second x-ray sensor is tuned to an energy level below an absorption peak and at least one of the x-ray sensor and second x-ray sensor is tuned to an energy level above the absorption peak. The x-ray sensor and second x-ray sensor scan a same sheet spot on the coated substrate. A bottom scanner head is configured underneath the coated substrate to provide a location for a detection of x-rays for the x-ray sensor and the second x-ray sensor.

Measurement apparatus including an optical sensor, which performs repeatedly transmission measurements through moving sheet of paper or board at at least one wavelength band dominantly absorbed by water, at at least one wavelength band dominantly absorbed by cellulose. The apparatus also includes an X-ray sensor, which performs repeatedly transmission measurements through the moving sheet of paper or board with photons of electromagnetic radiation (1 keV to 10 keV). The apparatus comprises a data processing unit, which receives signals with information on intensities of the optical and X-ray radiations passed through the sheet from the optical sensor and the X-ray sensor, and determines, based on the information, all of the following of the moving sheet: the dry stuff content as a function of the cellulose mass per unit area of the sheet, water mass per unit area of the sheet and the ash mass per unit area of the sheet.

Measurement apparatus including an optical sensor, which performs repeatedly transmission measurements through moving sheet of paper or board at at least one wavelength band dominantly absorbed by water, at at least one wavelength band dominantly absorbed by cellulose. The apparatus also includes an X-ray sensor, which performs repeatedly transmission measurements through the moving sheet of paper or board with photons of electromagnetic radiation (1 keV to 10 keV). The apparatus comprises a data processing unit, which receives signals with information on intensities of the optical and X-ray radiations passed through the sheet from the optical sensor and the X-ray sensor, and determines, based on the information, all of the following of the moving sheet: the dry stuff content as a function of the cellulose mass per unit area of the sheet, water mass per unit area of the sheet and the ash mass per unit area of the sheet.

An edge crack detection apparatus for detecting an edge crack of a metal plate being conveyed includes: a detection part including a plurality of elements arranged along a plate width direction of the metal plate, each of the plurality of elements being configured to be capable of detecting presence or absence of the metal plate at a position of the element in the plate width direction; a plate edge position determination part configured to determine a plate edge position of the metal plate in the plate width direction on the basis of a detection result of each of a plurality of first elements positioned within a first region in the plate width direction, from among the plurality of elements; and an edge crack detection part configured to detect an edge crack of the metal plate on the basis of a detection result of each of a plurality of second elements selected on the basis of the plate edge position and positioned within a second region which is narrower than the first region in the plate width direction, from among the plurality of elements.

An edge crack detection apparatus for detecting an edge crack of a metal plate being conveyed includes: a detection part including a plurality of elements arranged along a plate width direction of the metal plate, each of the plurality of elements being configured to be capable of detecting presence or absence of the metal plate at a position of the element in the plate width direction; a plate edge position determination part configured to determine a plate edge position of the metal plate in the plate width direction on the basis of a detection result of each of a plurality of first elements positioned within a first region in the plate width direction, from among the plurality of elements; and an edge crack detection part configured to detect an edge crack of the metal plate on the basis of a detection result of each of a plurality of second elements selected on the basis of the plate edge position and positioned within a second region which is narrower than the first region in the plate width direction, from among the plurality of elements.

An X-ray inspecting apparatus, with which X-rays of a broad energy band can be detected while manufacturing costs are suppressed, comprises an X-ray radiation device, a line sensor assembly, and other components. The line sensor assembly has a plurality of detection units and other components. Each detection unit has a scintillator, a detection main body including a plurality of elements disposed thereon, and a ceramic substrate supporting the scintillator and detection main body. In the line sensor assembly, the plurality of detection units etc. are aligned in a forward-backward direction so that the scintillators and the detection main bodies of the detection units etc. are aligned without gaps with the scintillators and detection main bodies of adjacent detection units.

A method for preparing surrogate calibration standards for web gauging, is provided. The method includes providing linearizations for one or more radiometric gauges, each linearization associated with a radiometric gauge and relating the basis weight of real standards, comprising a lithium ion battery (LIB) electrode material, to transmission of the radiation through the LIB electrode material. The method also includes providing one or more surrogate standards comprising an inert material having an effective Z (Z.sub.surrogate) substantially the same as an effective Z (Z.sub.real) of the LIB material in the real standards. The method further includes assigning to each surrogate standard a surrogate basis weight based on a transmission of radiation through the surrogate standard and the linearizations

An inspection device includes: an electromagnetic wave irradiator that irradiates, with a predetermined electromagnetic wave from a first film side, the package that is conveyed along a predetermined direction and that has the spaces at a plurality of positions in a width direction; an imaging device that is disposed opposed to the electromagnetic wave irradiator across the package, includes an electromagnetic wave detector including a plurality of detection elements that is arrayed along the width direction and that detects the electromagnetic wave radiated from the electromagnetic wave irradiator and transmitted through the package, and sequentially outputs an obtained electromagnetic wave transmission image every time the package is conveyed by a predetermined amount; and an image processing device that processes an image signal output from the imaging device.