Described herein are methods of treating COVID19 from a coronavirus infection, methods of treating a subject having a coronavirus infection, methods of improving a survival rate of a subject having a coronavirus infection, methods of determining prognosis of a subject having a coronavirus infection, methods of preventing or treating organ-dysfunction or multi-organ dysfunction or failure associated with a coronavirus infection, methods of combinational therapy for a subject having a coronavirus infection, methods of reducing microthrombi formation or low flow organ-ischemia associated with a coronavirus infection by administering a DEspR inhibitor.

The present invention relates to the field of tumor immunology. It provides a method for identifying mutation-related human CD8+ T cells, in particular, tumor-specific T cells of a human subject, comprising analyzing CD8+ T cells of the subject by analysing the expression of at least one marker selected from a first group consisting of CD82, CD194, CD244, CD28, CD62L and CD55, and preferably, a marker selected from a second group comprising CD11a or CD18 or CD43. A preferred marker for mutation-related CD8+ T cells is CD82, which may be analysed in combination, e.g., with CD11a. Without the need to identify any epitope to which T cells reacts, this method can advantageously be used to isolate the entire individual pool of mutation-related T cells, and, optionally, to identify the sequence of a mutation-related TCR, which allows for generation of transgenic T cells expressing the TCR. Compositions substantially comprising tumor-specific CD82.sup.hiCD8+ T cells and/or CD194.sup.hi, CD244.sup.−, CD28.sup.+, CD62L.sup.+ and/or CD55.sup.+ CD82.sup.hi CD8+ T cells can be used for treatment of a cancer patient, e.g., by adoptive T cell transfer. The method of the invention can also be used for diagnostic purposes to identify human mutation-related T cells or diagnosing a tumor disease or for testing responses of a cancer patient to an immune stimulatory therapy, preferably, a therapy with a checkpoint inhibitor.

The present invention provides compositions exhibiting in vivo activity of fibrin in an in vitro setting, in vitro assays comprising such compositions, methods of producing such compositions, and methods of using such compositions and assays. The compositions of the invention include molecules with the biochemical properties of 1) high affinity binding to fibrin receptors and 2) activation of cell-signaling systems comparable to that observed in vivo by fibrin. The fibrin compositions of the invention are compatible both in biochemical assays and cell-based assays, and thus useful for in vitro assays for screening of test agents that modulate cell activation and/or signaling pathways mediated by fibrin or associated with fibrin activity.

Means that enables monitoring of an anticancer effect of an anti-CD4 antibody or an anticancer drug targeting an immune checkpoint is disclosed. The method for testing a therapeutic effect of a cancer therapy of the present invention is a method for testing a therapeutic effect of an anticancer drug comprising as an effective ingredient an anti-CD4 antibody or an anticancer drug targeting an immune checkpoint, which method comprises investigation of expression of (1) at least one immune checkpoint receptor, (2) CD8, and (3) at least one cell surface molecule selected from the group consisting of CD44 and CD45RO, on T cells using a sample derived from a patient who received the anticancer drug. Induction of a T cell population which is positive for the immune checkpoint molecule (1) and positive for CD8, and which shows high expression of CD44 and/or high expression of CD45RO, indicates that said anticancer drug is producing a therapeutic effect in said patient.

The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for treating an autoimmune disorder or cancer in a subject. In some embodiments, the methods include the use of modified T cells (e.g., CD8.sup.+ T cells) that have high layilin expression. In other embodiments, the methods include the use of layilin-binding proteins. Also provided herein are methods and compositions for identifying modulators of layilin or beta-integrin complex interaction.

Provided herein are methods and kits for predicting and monitoring a cancer patient's response to treatment with a therapeutic agent by measuring the amount of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) having the profile CDl11b.sup.+CD33.sup.+HLA-DR.sup.− and/or CDl11b.sup.+CD33.sup.+HLA-DR.sup.low, and optionally by further measuring various suppressive features of the patient's immune system. Also provided herein are methods of treating a cancer patient comprising as an initial step determining whether the cancer patient would be responsive to treatment with the therapeutic agent as described above and wherein the patient is found to be responsive, administering the therapeutic agent.

Described herein are methods of treating COVID19 from a coronavirus infection, methods of treating a subject having a coronavirus infection, methods of improving a survival rate of a subject having a coronavirus infection, methods of determining prognosis of a subject having a coronavirus infection, methods of preventing or treating organ-dysfunction or multi-organ dysfunction or failure associated with a coronavirus infection, methods of combinational therapy for a subject having a coronavirus infection, methods of reducing microthrombi formation or low flow organ-ischemia associated with a coronavirus infection by administering a DEspR inhibitor.

A method of identifying a population of PMN-MDSC-Like Cells (PM-LCs) distinguishable from myeloid derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs). A method for treating a cancer comprising identifying PM-LCs and/or administering an agent that alters neutrophil migration to reduce or inhibit tumor cell seeding, tumor metastasis, or metastatic niche formation in a subject. Compositions for use in diagnosing and treating cancer that comprise antagonists and/or inhibitors of genes and cellular process to alter PM-LC activity.

Provided is a peripheral blood biomarker for evaluating the antitumor immune effect of radiation therapy. Also provided is a method in which the composition of cell subpopulation in a sample obtained from a subject is used as an index for immune activation in the subject caused by a radiation therapy. By comparing, with a reference, the amount of CD4.sup.+ T cell subpopulation that correlates with dendritic cell stimulation in an antitumor immune response or the amount of dendritic cell subpopulation that correlates with the dendritic cell stimulation in an antitumor immune response, the presence or absence of, and/or the magnitude of, immune activation occurring in the subject as a result of a radiation therapy can be determined.

The present invention relates to a composition for diagnosing bone metastasis of cancer, a method for providing information needed for diagnosis of bone metastasis of cancer using same, a method for providing information needed for monitoring responses to treatment of bone metastasis of cancer using same, and a method for screening a therapeutic agent for bone metastasis of cancer using same. The composition for diagnosing bone metastasis of cancer of the present invention has the effect of effectively diagnosing bone metastasis of cancer at an early stage.