A device may include a memory storing instructions and a processor configured to execute the instructions to determine an initial mass of a sample; distill the sample up to at least a thermal destruction temperature; record, at a set of time points during the distilling, vapor temperature values, liquid temperature values, and vapor pressure values associated with the sample; and determine a residual mass of the sample. The processor may be further configured to generate a pressure curve based on the vapor pressure values; calculate a summary integral surface for the generated pressure curve; and generate a distillation curve that relates the vapor temperature values and the liquid temperature values to mass percentage of the sample that has evaporated, based on the calculated summary integral surface, the initial mass of the sample, and the residual mass of the sample.

An experimentation method for a type I stress intensity factor test considering frost heaving force periodic changes, steps being 1: preparing a specimen, waterjet cutting on the specimen to simulate a non-penetrating rock mass fracture; step 2: vacuum saturating the specimen; step 3: affixing a strain gauge in a non-elastic area at a tip of the specimen; step 4: placing the specimen into a rock mass (1) fracture frost heaving experiment box (5), pressurizing by a pressurizing apparatus (4) balloons on either side of the frost heaving experiment box (5), shutting a valve and removing a pipe, placing the frost heaving experiment box (5) holding the specimen into a water tank, allowing water to immerse the specimen; and step 5: placing the water tank and the frost heaving experiment box (5) holding the specimen together into a high-low temperature alternating experiment box (7) to start a freeze-thaw cycle experiment.

An experimentation method for a type I stress intensity factor test considering frost heaving force periodic changes, steps being 1: preparing a specimen, waterjet cutting on the specimen to simulate a non-penetrating rock mass fracture; step 2: vacuum saturating the specimen; step 3: affixing a strain gauge in a non-elastic area at a tip of the specimen; step 4: placing the specimen into a rock mass (1) fracture frost heaving experiment box (5), pressurizing by a pressurizing apparatus (4) balloons on either side of the frost heaving experiment box (5), shutting a valve and removing a pipe, placing the frost heaving experiment box (5) holding the specimen into a water tank, allowing water to immerse the specimen; and step 5: placing the water tank and the frost heaving experiment box (5) holding the specimen together into a high-low temperature alternating experiment box (7) to start a freeze-thaw cycle experiment.

A system and method for distillation testing of a liquid sample at atmospheric pressure for the improved prediction of the heating necessary to reach the initial boiling point (IBP) and ensure the IBP is observed within certain time constraints, and regardless of sample composition. This monitors the sample by the camera during different heating phases of the test to obtain visual images of the sample and a computer analyzes image data observed to regulate the optimal distillation process.

A system and method for distillation testing of a liquid sample at atmospheric pressure for the improved prediction of the heating necessary to reach the initial boiling point (IBP) and ensure the IBP is observed within certain time constraints, and regardless of sample composition. This monitors the sample by the camera during different heating phases of the test to obtain visual images of the sample and a computer analyzes image data observed to regulate the optimal distillation process.

An experimentation method for a type I stress intensity factor test considering frost heaving force periodic changes, steps being 1: preparing a specimen, waterjet cutting on the specimen to simulate a non-penetrating rock mass fracture; step 2: vacuum saturating the specimen; step 3: affixing a strain gauge in a non-elastic area at a tip of the specimen; step 4: placing the specimen into a rock mass (1) fracture frost heaving experiment box (5), pressurizing by a pressurizing apparatus (4) balloons on either side of the frost heaving experiment box (5), shutting a valve and removing a pipe, placing the frost heaving experiment box (5) holding the specimen into a water tank, allowing water to immerse the specimen; and step 5: placing the water tank and the frost heaving experiment box (5) holding the specimen together into a high-low temperature alternating experiment box (7) to start a freeze-thaw cycle experiment.

An experimentation method for a type I stress intensity factor test considering frost heaving force periodic changes, steps being 1: preparing a specimen, waterjet cutting on the specimen to simulate a non-penetrating rock mass fracture; step 2: vacuum saturating the specimen; step 3: affixing a strain gauge in a non-elastic area at a tip of the specimen; step 4: placing the specimen into a rock mass (1) fracture frost heaving experiment box (5), pressurizing by a pressurizing apparatus (4) balloons on either side of the frost heaving experiment box (5), shutting a valve and removing a pipe, placing the frost heaving experiment box (5) holding the specimen into a water tank, allowing water to immerse the specimen; and step 5: placing the water tank and the frost heaving experiment box (5) holding the specimen together into a high-low temperature alternating experiment box (7) to start a freeze-thaw cycle experiment.

A method and apparatus for determining a concentration of aerosol particles in a carrier gas. The method comprises providing an aerosol having aerosol particles in a carrier gas comprising at least one condensable component; introducing at least part of the aerosol into a chamber of a pressure-rated vessel, wherein the chamber is delimited by at least one wall adjoining the chamber and set to a temperature which is above a saturation temperature of the at least one condensable component; subsequently removing part of the aerosol from the chamber, as a result of which a decrease in pressure in the chamber occurs, as a result of which the at least one condensable component condenses at least partly on the aerosol particles; and determining a concentration of aerosol particles in the carrier gas during removal of the part of the aerosol from the chamber.

A system to monitor and control a lyophilization process using a wireless network is disclosed which includes one or more wireless pressure and gas temperature sensors adapted to provide pressure and gas temperature measurements of the ambient environment, a lyophilization chamber, wherein the one or more wireless pressure sensors are distributed in one or more lyophilization vial trays, a vacuum pump, adapted to change the pressure with the lyophilization chamber, a heat exchanger adapted to modify temperature within the lyophilization chamber, and a controller adapted to collect pressure and gas temperature data from the one or more wireless pressure and gas temperature sensors, calculate sublimation rate of a product to be lyophilized using the collected pressure and gas temperature data, and adjust one or both of pressure and temperature within the lyophilization chamber such that the calculated sublimation rate stays within a predetermined envelope.

A system to monitor and control a lyophilization process using a wireless network is disclosed which includes one or more wireless pressure and gas temperature sensors adapted to provide pressure and gas temperature measurements of the ambient environment, a lyophilization chamber, wherein the one or more wireless pressure sensors are distributed in one or more lyophilization vial trays, a vacuum pump, adapted to change the pressure with the lyophilization chamber, a heat exchanger adapted to modify temperature within the lyophilization chamber, and a controller adapted to collect pressure and gas temperature data from the one or more wireless pressure and gas temperature sensors, calculate sublimation rate of a product to be lyophilized using the collected pressure and gas temperature data, and adjust one or both of pressure and temperature within the lyophilization chamber such that the calculated sublimation rate stays within a predetermined envelope.