One example discloses a liquid exposure sensing device, including: a first sensor configured to be coupled to a reference material; wherein the first sensor configured to generate a first signal in response to either a liquid phase and/or vapor phase of a substance passing through the reference material; a second sensor configured to be coupled to an exposed material; wherein the second sensor configured to generate a second signal in response to the liquid phase and/or vapor phase of the substance passing through the exposed material; and a controller coupled to the first and second sensors and configured to generate a liquid detection signal in response to a time delay between the first signal and the second signal that exceeds a threshold time delay.

An active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) or related substance (RS) can be tested for stability by placing the API or RS in an instrument containing a pressure-controllable atmosphere, controlling the pressure of the atmosphere in the instrument for a predetermined time, and evaluating the API or RS for stability. Testing can be carried out also at predetermined temperature(s) and/or under the influence of gaseous trigger(s) and so forth. For instance, an API sample can be placed in a bomb test instrument/reactor, oxygen as a gaseous trigger can be introduced to contact the API sample under constant and/or ramped temperature(s) and elevated pressure(s) for predetermined time(s), and the API sample can be evaluated for stability. An insert carousel may hold a sample of API(s) and/or RS(s) and/or aliquot(s) of sample(s) of API(s) and/or RS(s) for insertion into the bomb test instrument/reactor.

An active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) or related substance (RS) can be tested for stability by placing the API or RS in an instrument containing a pressure-controllable atmosphere, controlling the pressure of the atmosphere in the instrument for a predetermined time, and evaluating the API or RS for stability. Testing can be carried out also at predetermined temperature(s) and/or under the influence of gaseous trigger(s) and so forth. For instance, an API sample can be placed in a bomb test instrument/reactor, oxygen as a gaseous trigger can be introduced to contact the API sample under constant and/or ramped temperature(s) and elevated pressure(s) for predetermined time(s), and the API sample can be evaluated for stability. An insert carousel may hold a sample of API(s) and/or RS(s) and/or aliquot(s) of sample(s) of API(s) and/or RS(s) for insertion into the bomb test instrument/reactor.

Methods and systems for high temperature, high pressure isothermal calorimetry are disclosed. The calorimetric system includes an ampoule having a body portion and a lid configured to completely seal the body portion. One or more solid reagents are disposed in the body portion of the ampoule, and a container is disposed within the body portion of the ampoule. The container separately stores one or more fluids for mixing with the one or more solid reagents. The lid is spring loaded and wound by a winding key for stirring the one or more solid reagents with the one or more fluids to form a homogenous mixture.

Methods and systems for high temperature, high pressure isothermal calorimetry are disclosed. The calorimetric system includes an ampoule having a body portion and a lid configured to completely seal the body portion. One or more solid reagents are disposed in the body portion of the ampoule, and a container is disposed within the body portion of the ampoule. The container separately stores one or more fluids for mixing with the one or more solid reagents. The lid is spring loaded and wound by a winding key for stirring the one or more solid reagents with the one or more fluids to form a homogenous mixture.

An active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) or related substance (RS) can be tested for stability by placing the API or RS in an instrument containing a pressure-controllable atmosphere, controlling the pressure of the atmosphere in the instrument for a predetermined time, and evaluating the API or RS for stability. Testing can be carried out also at predetermined temperature(s) and/or under the influence of gaseous trigger(s) and so forth. For instance, an API sample can be placed in a bomb test instrument/reactor, oxygen as a gaseous trigger can be introduced to contact the API sample under constant and/or ramped temperature(s) and elevated pressure(s) for predetermined time(s), and the API sample can be evaluated for stability. An insert carousel may hold a sample of API(s) and/or RS(s) and/or aliquot(s) of sample(s) of API(s) and/or RS(s) for insertion into the bomb test instrument/reactor.

A combustion calorimeter (1) has a housing (6) and therein a detachably mounted decomposition vessel (2) with sample holder (11) and ignition apparatus (12) in its reaction chamber (3). The wall (4) of the decomposition vessel (2) and also the upper decomposition wall (5) here have in the vertical use position a wall thickness that increases from the bottom to the top in order to conduct the heat generated in a combustion process if possible into the upper region of the decomposition vessel (2), where also at least one temperature sensor (7) can be arranged. Owing to the increase in thickness of the delimitation of the internal or reaction space (3), the heat can be distributed therein more favorably.

A combustion calorimeter (1) has a housing (6) and therein a detachably mounted decomposition vessel (2) with sample holder (11) and ignition apparatus (12) in its reaction chamber (3). The wall (4) of the decomposition vessel (2) and also the upper decomposition wall (5) here have in the vertical use position a wall thickness that increases from the bottom to the top in order to conduct the heat generated in a combustion process if possible into the upper region of the decomposition vessel (2), where also at least one temperature sensor (7) can be arranged. Owing to the increase in thickness of the delimitation of the internal or reaction space (3), the heat can be distributed therein more favorably.

An apparatus for testing a sample includes a fixture releasably holding the sample during a test, a first mixer having a first chamber and a first channel, the first chamber mixing compressed air with abrasive particles to form a first mixture having a first predetermined mixing ratio, the first channel projecting the first mixture at a spot of the sample during the test, a second mixer having a second chamber, an ignitor and a second channel, the second chamber mixing an oxidizer and a fuel to form a combustible mixture with a second predetermined mixing ratio, the ignitor adjacent to an outlet of or protruding into the second chamber and controllably igniting the combustible mixture to create a flame, the second channel projecting the flame at the spot during the test, and a first temperature sensor measuring a surface temperature of an unexposed side of the sample during the test.

An apparatus for testing a sample includes a fixture releasably holding the sample during a test, a first mixer having a first chamber and a first channel, the first chamber mixing compressed air with abrasive particles to form a first mixture having a first predetermined mixing ratio, the first channel projecting the first mixture at a spot of the sample during the test, a second mixer having a second chamber, an ignitor and a second channel, the second chamber mixing an oxidizer and a fuel to form a combustible mixture with a second predetermined mixing ratio, the ignitor adjacent to an outlet of or protruding into the second chamber and controllably igniting the combustible mixture to create a flame, the second channel projecting the flame at the spot during the test, and a first temperature sensor measuring a surface temperature of an unexposed side of the sample during the test.