The method comprises feeding a second fluid in a porous sample; measuring a resistivity or/and conductivity in a plurality of regions having different second fluid contents in the porous sample; and repeating the following steps. Determining an estimated local volume of first fluid contained in each region from the resistivity or/and conductivity measured in the region and from an estimated value of the representative parameter; calculating an estimated total volume of first fluid in the porous sample from each estimated local volume of first fluid contained in each region; and modifying the value of the estimated representative parameter to minimize the difference between the estimated total volume and a measured total volume of fluid produced from the porous sample, the representative parameter of the porous sample being the estimated representative parameter minimizing said difference.

The present application provides a method for verification of conductivity type of a silicon wafer. The method comprises measuring the resistivity of the silicon wafer to obtain a first resistivity, placing the silicon wafer under atmosphere of air for a predicted time period, measuring the resistivity of the silicon wafer to obtain a second resistivity, and determining conductivity type of the silicon wafer by comparing the first resistivity and the second resistivity. The method can be applied to a silicon wafer having a high resistivity such as higher than 500 ohm.sup.-cm to rapidly and accurately determine conductivity type of the silicon wafer. Advantages of the method of the present application include accurate test results, easy operation, simple device requirement, and reduced cost.

A system and method for centrifuge fluid production and measurement using resistive cells is provided. The method comprises separating an electrically conducting first fluid and a second fluid within a collection cell having a first and second section, wherein the collection cell has an electrically conductive outer wall and an inner wall having an insulating material disposed thereon. The method provides that the first and second fluids are separated from a solid disposed in the first section into the second section, the second fluid having a specific mass greater than the first fluid. The method further provides measuring, using one or more wires disposed in the second fluid and electrically connected to a resistance measuring unit within the second section, a resistivity change of the second fluid relative to the displacement of the first fluid, and communicating the resistivity change.

A tire characteristic value measurement apparatus (100) includes a support arm (124) which is provided in vertical movement means (111 to 121). The support arm (124) bears a tire (T) on a roller conveyor (101) from below and has electrically insulative properties. The tire characteristic value measurement apparatus (100) further includes electric resistance value detection means (125 to 139) which is provided in the vertical movement means (111 to 121). The electric resistance value detection means (125 to 139) detects an electric resistance value of the tire T borne by the support arm (124).

A sensor element for a cutting tool has a hard portion having a first sensing surface, first and second electrodes, and first and second sets of thermocouple wires, and an electrically insulating portion. The second electrode has a second sensing surface, The hard portion comprises hard and/or super-hard material and the first and second electrodes comprise electrically conductive hard and/or super-hard material, the hard portion isolating the first sensing surface from the second sensing surface. The second electrode is attached to or forms part of an electrically conductive region of the hard portion or a region attached thereto. Electric current flows between the first and second electrodes through external material when the sensing surfaces contact the material in response to the cutting tool engaging the material. The first and second electrodes are operable to indicate any one or more of a temperature of the first and second electrodes, and conductivity between the electrodes.

A detection unit configured to detect a leakage hole in an intestine suspended on a tubular member having a perforated portion that is configured to distribute a flow of liquid through the perforated portion and thereby pressurize the intestine, when the intestine is being moved with a non-zero velocity (V) along the longitudinal axis of the tubular member is disclosed. The detection unit comprises an electrically conducting and axially extending sleeve-shaped surrounding portion that at least partly surrounds the circumference of the tubular member and an electric circuitry arranged and configured to measure an electric quantity established between the surrounding portion and the liquid pressurizing the intestine.

A mold sensor is configured with an enclosed chamber in which a nutrient-treated substrate is positioned. The mold sensor includes a sensing system that is configured to measure a property of the substrate that corresponds to a pH value of the substrate. A controller operates the sensing system and is programmed to detect a presence of mold growing in the chamber by estimating the pH value from the measured property.

A resistance mapping device includes: a first chip including a first surface, a second surface positioned at a side opposite to the first surface, and a plurality of first electrodes provided at the first surface; a second chip including a third surface facing the first surface, a fourth surface positioned at a side opposite to the third surface, and a plurality of second electrodes provided at the third surface; and a measurement part, the measurement part being configured to measure a resistance of a portion of a measurement object, the portion of the measurement object being between the first electrode and the second electrode that correspond to each other among the plurality of first electrodes and the plurality of second electrodes, and acquire mapping data in which measured values of the resistances are associated with positions of the measurement object corresponding to the plurality of first electrodes.

A method is for determining a status of a track section of a railroad. Each end of the track section is connected to a respective detector. One of the two detectors transmits a current along the rails of the track section towards the other detector and receives a current transmitted along the rails of the track section from the other detector. The track section is further equipped with a computer in communication with the two detectors. The computer calculates an instant value of the status of the track section as a function of an instant vector based on a measure of an intensity of the current transmitted by a first of the detectors as measured by the first detector (Txl1), a measure of an intensity of the current received by the first detector as measured by the first detector (Rxl1) and a measure of an intensity of the current transmitted by the second detector as measured by the second detector (Txl2).

A system and method for visualizing one or more crop response surfaces. The system includes a geospatial database associated with a crop prediction engine. The geospatial database receives soil composition information for plots of land. The crop prediction engine identifies covariates from the soil composition information, which has a feature matrix. The crop prediction engine generates a multi-dimensional covariate training data set from the covariates. The crop prediction engine then applies the multi-dimensional covariate training data set to a machine learning training model to generate at least one predictive crop-yield predictive model. The crop prediction engine ranks covariates having feature set interactions. Subsequently, the crop prediction engine determines a dominant crop-yield feature set interaction from the ranked covariates having feature set interactions. The crop prediction engine generates a crop response surface from the dominant crop-yield feature set interaction. The crop prediction engine then visualizes the crop response surface.