A surface modified electrode and a method of preparing the surface modified electrode are provided. The surface modified electrode includes a glassy carbon electrode and a coating of a compound of formula I disposed on the glassy carbon electrode. The present disclosure also relates to a method of preparing the surface modified electrode. The method includes depositing a slurry of the compound of Formula I on the glassy carbon electrode to form a film and coating a polymer matrix on the film to obtain the surface modified electrode. The present disclosure also relates to a method of preparing the compound of Formula I. The method includes condensing 4-bromobenzaldehyde (4-BBD) and 4-methyl-benzenesulphonylhydrazine (4-MBSH), to obtain a first mixture and precipitating the first mixture to obtain the compound of Formula I. The surface modified electrode is used in an electrochemical sensor for the detection of metal ions. ##STR00001##

Electrochemical sensors useful for detection of heavy metals are described. The electrochemical sensors can be made by forming a layer of graphene oxide on a working electrode, forming a layer of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the layer of graphene oxide, and forming a layer of gold nanostars on the layer of CNTs.

A method of using a graphite electrode to measure a concentration of glucose or methionine from a biological sample is described. A mechanical pencil lead may be used as the graphite electrode, and the biological sample may come from a patient's serum. The glucose or methionine may produce a peak current response within a range of 0.4-0.8 V when the sample is subjected to linear scan voltammetry.

A method of measuring signals from a surface. The method comprises: placing on the surface a flexible sensing device having an array of coated electrodes, wherein at least one electrode of the array is metallic and is at least partially coated by a polymer; and collecting signals from the sensing device.

There is disclosed a nanopore support structure comprising a wall layer comprising walls defining a plurality of wells, and overhangs extending from the walls across each of the wells, the overhang defining an aperture configured to support a membrane suitable for insertion of a nanopore. There is further disclosed a nanopore sensing device comprising a nanopore support structure, and methods of manufacturing the nanopore support structure and the nanopore sensing device.

An embodiment provides a method for deriving an amount of PFAS substances from a total organic fluoride measurement in a sample, including: removing inorganic fluoride from the sample using one or more of an ion exchange cartridge and an exclusion apparatus; preconcentrating, using a solid phase extraction, at least one PFAS substance in the sample; digesting, using a working electrode and a counter electrode, the at least one PFAS substance to an amount of total organic fluoride; and determining, using an analyzer, the amount of total organic fluoride in the sample. Other aspects are described and claimed.

A surface modified electrode is provided. The surface modified electrode includes a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and a nanomaterial disposed on the glassy carbon electrode. The nanomaterial comprises carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and at least one of thallium oxide nanoparticles (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3.NPs), thallium oxide (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3) nanopowder, and thallium oxide carbon nanotube nanocomposites (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3.CNT NCs). A polymer matrix is configured to bind the glassy carbon electrode with the nanomaterial. A method of preparing the surface modified electrode is also disclosed. The surface modified electrode can be implemented in a biosensor for detecting a biological molecule, like choline.

A surface modified electrode is provided. The surface modified electrode includes a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and a nanomaterial disposed on the glassy carbon electrode. The nanomaterial comprises carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and at least one of thallium oxide nanoparticles (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3.Math.NPs), thallium oxide (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3) nanopowder, and thallium oxide carbon nanotube nanocomposites (Tl.sub.2O.sub.3.Math.CNT NCs). A polymer matrix is configured to bind the glassy carbon electrode with the nanomaterial. A method of preparing the surface modified electrode is also disclosed. The surface modified electrode can be implemented in a biosensor for detecting a biological molecule, like choline.

An exemplary method for producing a mixed metal chalcogenide under atmospheric pressure may include forming a reaction mixture by mixing a first metal chalcogenide and a second metal chalcogenide. An exemplary method may further include pouring a first layer of NaCl within a reactor, where an exemplary reactor may include a container and a cap. Pouring an exemplary first layer of NaCl within an exemplary reactor may include pouring an exemplary first layer of NaCl on an exemplary base end of an exemplary container of the exemplary reactor. An exemplary method may further include pouring an exemplary reaction mixture into an exemplary container on top of an exemplary first layer of NaCl, pouring a second layer of NaCl into an exemplary container on top of an exemplary reaction mixture, sealing an exemplary container by closing an exemplary cap and pouring molten NaCl on top of the exemplary cap, and heating an exemplary reactor at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined time.

The present application discloses an electrochemiluminescence immunosensor. The immunosensor includes an electrode functionalized by a nanocomposite film. The film further includes carbon nanohorns dispersed in Nafion® perfluorinated resin solution. The polymeric solution is further stabilized by magnetic nanoparticles. The immunosensor is a Point of care (POC)-based. The immunosensor is configured to work in the range from 100 ng/mL to 1 fg/mL, and has tendency to detect even traces of the tropomyosin. The immunosensor is capable to detect traces even less than 1 fg/mL, hence having high specificity for Tro-Ag detection in food products with distinguished repeatability.