Disclosed herein are insulin resistance reporters for use in quantifying insulin response in biological cells. These biological cells may be stem cell compositions or derivatives thereof comprising the insulin resistance reporter. The stem cell derivatives include but are not limited to insulin responsive cells, tissues, or organoids, such as pancreatic, brain, adipose, muscle, or liver cells, or tissues or organoids thereof. Also disclosed herein are methods of using said insulin resistance reporters and cells with these insulin resistance reporters as models to examine insulin resistance and screening for compounds that are potentially useful for the treatment of diseases or disorders associated with insulin resistance. The cells comprising an insulin resistance reporter may be hepatic cells or liver organoid compositions, which can be used in investigating hepatic insulin resistance, for example, as a result of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or steatohepatitis.

The present invention discloses methods of identifying subject having an increased risk to develop an N-glycolylneu-raminic acid (Neu5Gc) related disease, methods for assessment risk factors related to a consumption of Neu5Gc from food and methods of predicting the likelihood of developing of Neu5Gc related disease or disorder.

The present disclosure relates to compositions and methods for treating a dysregulated wound healing, for improving wound healing, for inhibiting scar formation, for treating a subject with Ehlers Danlos syndrome (EDS), and for treating a subject diagnosed with a heart attack. The present disclosure further relates to compositions and methods for predicting future cardiac risk in a subject who has suffered a heart attack, and predicting risk of future cardiac disease in a subject suffering a heart attack.

Provided herein are processes for detecting oligosaccharides in a biological sample. In specific instances, the biological sample is provided from an individual suffering from a disorder associated with abnormal glycosaminoglycan accumulation.

A method of extracting organ metabolic functions using oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) comprises: a step of measuring an amount of change over time in plasma glucose and plasma insulin at a regular time interval after a subject has consumed a certain quantity of a glucose solution; a step of extracting parameters associated with organ metabolism in a human body by applying the amount of change over time of the measured glucose and insulin to a human organ function model; and a step of diagnosing the metabolic function state of the subject using the extracted parameters.

The present disclosure provides compositions and methods involving the use of mucin-specific proteases for mucin-specific cleavage, labeling, and/or enrichment of mucin domain glycoproteins. Also provided are methods for the analysis of mucin-domain glycoproteins useful in glycomapping of mucin glycosites and their associated glycoforms. Provided compositions and methods are also useful for selective cleavage, release, and enrichment of mucins from cell and tissue samples, for the study of native mucin biology, and for the detection and analysis of mucins that are aberrantly expressed in various conditions, including cancer.

The present disclosure relates to methods for determining the metabolic responder status of a subject having glioblastoma (GBM) and adjusting the course of treatment accordingly. The disclosure further relates to methods of treating GBM and other EGFR-mediated cancers. The disclosure further relates to methods of identifying effective treatments for subjects having GBM.

A method for detecting whether glucose metabolism is abnormal comprises: detecting GPx2 gene expression, GPx2 protein expression or the activity of GPx2 protein in a test body, and making comparisons with GPx2 expression amount of a normal individual, when the GPx2 expression of the individual is significantly lower than that of the normal individual, indicating that the carbohydrate metabolism of the individual is in an abnormal state. Applications of GPx2 in the preparation of a medical composition for the treatment and prevention of type II diabetes.

Methods for predicting whether a subject will develop a chronic inflammatory condition such as celiac disease, and methods and composition comprising anti-inflammatory microbes or metabolites that can be used to treat or reduce the risk of developing such conditions.

The present invention relates to a process for the non-destructive determination of gender, developmental stage and/or viability of an avian embryo in an egg, comprising (a) detecting at least a first developmental marker compound selected from sugars and/or amino acids, precursors and metabolites thereof in an egg at a time period of from the beginning of the incubation of the egg until the hatching; (b) measuring the amount of the at least first detected developmental marker compound, and (c) comparing the amount to a base line established for male and female, developmental stage of the embryo, and/or alive and deceased or non-developed embryo, to determine whether the embryo is viable, male and/or female, and/or the developmental stage of the embryo.