An object is to increase an efficiency of removing carbon dioxide derived from inorganic carbon. An inspection apparatus includes: a column that separates a group of substances contained in an aqueous sample by size; an addition unit that adds a reagent, which acidifies the aqueous sample, into a channel; a degassing unit provided downstream of the addition unit for degassing carbon dioxide; a measurement unit that measures organic carbon contained in each substance from which the carbon dioxide has been removed; and a temperature maintaining unit that maintains a temperature of each of the column and a container in which a gas-permeable tube of the degassing unit is housed.

The present invention concerns an analytical method that makes use of an oxygen-containing source having a predetermined content of an isotope of oxygen .sup.ZO, which is not the same as natural composition and distribution of oxygen isotopes, to detect and/or quantify oxygen in oxidizable compound(s). The analytical method allows detecting and/or quantification with relatively high precision and accuracy oxygen in oxidizable compound(s), even at low content. The method is easy to implement and can be used for in-line analysis.

Gas analyzer and method for measuring nitrogen oxides in an exhaust gas, wherein to measure the nitrogen oxides, ozone is generated from oxygen, the exhaust gas is treated with the ozone generated to convert nitrogen monoxide within the exhaust gas into nitrogen dioxide, the nitrogen dioxide concentration in the treated exhaust gas is measured photometrically using a first light-emitting diode which emits with a central wavelength between 350 nm and 500 nm and output as the nitrogen oxide concentration in the exhaust gas, and the ozone concentration in the treated exhaust gas is measured photometrically using a second light-emitting diode which emits with a central wavelength between 250 nm and 265 nm, where generation of the ozone using the measured ozone concentration as an actual value is regulated to a prespecified setpoint value to enable reliable continuous measurement of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases with a low outlay on equipment.

There is provided a separation method in which a target component in a solution can be separated simply but safely and efficiently without contamination from the environment. This method includes: providing a solution containing a target component, and a reaction reagent; while continuously feeding the solution and the reaction reagent to a flow path, intermittently injecting bubbles into the flow path to produce a gas-liquid slug flow in which a mixed liquid containing the solution and the reaction reagent is segmented into a plurality of droplets by the bubbles; continuing the feed of the gas-liquid slug flow in the flow path, thereby facilitating the mixing of the solution and the reaction reagent, and the gasification of the target component by the mixing, in each droplet, and the movement of a target component-derived gas produced by the gasification to the bubbles; and recovering the target component-derived gas with an absorbing liquid.

An inspection apparatus comprises a first channel that passes an aqueous sample therethrough, a second channel that passes a phosphate eluent therethrough, a separation device that separates by size a group of substances contained in the aqueous sample, and a TOC device that oxidizes each substance separated by the separation device by size and measures organic carbon contained in each substance. The separation device includes a column for size-exclusion chromatography and a sample injection unit that introduces the aqueous sample into a mobile phase passed through the first channel. The second channel is connected to the first channel between the column and the sample injection unit, and causes the phosphate eluent to merge with the aqueous sample between the sample injection unit and the column.

The present invention provides a photolytic converter for converting reactant molecules in a fluid sample into product molecules by photolytic dissociation with electromagnetic radiation. The converter has a reaction chamber in communication with one or more electromagnetic radiation sources, an inflow conduit for conveying the fluid sample into the reaction chamber, and an outflow conduit for conveying the fluid sample out of the reaction chamber into a receptacle, wherein at least one of the first and outflow conduits extends into the reaction chamber. The receptacle can comprise detection means for generating a signal indicative of a concentration of product molecules in the processed fluid sample.

An analytical method makes use of an oxygen-containing source having a predetermined content of an isotope of oxygen .sup.zO, which is not the same as natural composition and distribution of oxygen isotopes, to detect and/or quantify oxygen in oxidizable compound(s). The analytical method allows detecting and/or quantification with relatively high precision and accuracy oxygen in oxidizable compound(s), even at low content. The method is easy to implement and can be used for in-line analysis.

The invention provides a method for determining the antioxidant capacity of beverage by titrating a standard oxidant solution using liquid sample of the beverage and monitoring oxidation reduction potential of the solution until a neutral reference value is reached, and using the titration volume to calculate the antioxidant capacity. The invention also provides test apparatus and test kit for performing the method of the invention.

The present invention provides a photolytic converter for converting reactant molecules in a fluid sample into product molecules by photolytic dissociation with electromagnetic radiation. The converter has a reaction chamber in communication with one or more electromagnetic radiation sources, an inflow conduit for conveying the fluid sample into the reaction chamber, and an outflow conduit for conveying the fluid sample out of the reaction chamber into a receptacle, wherein at least one of the first and outflow conduits extends into the reaction chamber. The receptacle can comprise detection means for generating a signal indicative of a concentration of product molecules in the processed fluid sample.

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) may include applying a periodic excitation signal via an electrode of a CGM sensor to human interstitial fluid to drive an oxidation/reduction reaction, and measuring the current through the electrode. In some embodiments, the measured current is sampled and digitized, and various harmonics of the excitation signal's fundamental frequency are extracted. A set of relationships of at least two harmonics each is generated from the spectral amplitudes of a set of pairs, triplets, etc., of the harmonics, and the set of relationships is mapped to a glucose concentration such as based on the contents of a harmonic relationship database having a pre-existing set of harmonic relationships and glucose concentrations to which those sets of harmonic relationships correspond, for example. Numerous other embodiments are provided.