Provided are a total organic carbon measurement method and a total organic carbon measurement device capable of determining whether or not an acid has been added to a sample. An acid is introduced into a reaction unit in which the sample is placed from a reservoir in which the acid is reserved (step S103). The conductivity of the sample into which the acid has been introduced is measured (step S105). The introduction of the acid from the reservoir into the reaction unit is detected on the basis of a change in the conductivity of the sample (step S107).

Provided is a method of inspecting a growth quality of a graphene layer of a graphene-grown copper foil obtained by growing the graphene layer on a copper foil layer by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), the method including reacting oxygen or water molecules with the copper foil layer via a defect portion of the graphene layer, partitioning an entire region of the graphene-grown copper foil into partial regions, sequentially obtaining images of the partial regions, detecting, with respect to each of the images of the partial regions, an oxidized region where the copper foil layer is oxidized, and setting the oxidized region as a graphene defect region, and obtaining a ratio of an area of the graphene defect region to an entire area of each of the images of the partial regions.

Apparatus and methods for determining a concentration of one or more halogen-containing ions in a sample, including but not limited to: soils, aquifers, groundwater, drinking water, soil, tissue, blood, sewage sludge, compost, and landfill leachate, Particularly, the apparatus and processes are used for the destruction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), per- and polyfluorocarbons (PFCs), pesticides, munitions, 1,4-dioxane, pharmaceuticals, microplastics, and others. High destruction efficiencies of these substances is desirable for determination of compliance with government regulations. Apparatus include batch- and continuous-type reactor systems. Processes include supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) and hydrothermal alkaline treatments (HALT).

An embodiment provides a method for deriving an amount of PFAS substances from a total organic fluoride measurement in a sample, including: removing inorganic fluoride from the sample using one or more of an ion exchange cartridge and an exclusion apparatus; preconcentrating, using a solid phase extraction, at least one PFAS substance in the sample; digesting, using a working electrode and a counter electrode, the at least one PFAS substance to an amount of total organic fluoride; and determining, using an analyzer, the amount of total organic fluoride in the sample. Other aspects are described and claimed.

A sample heating unit 30 has a space in which an oxidation catalyst is arranged, and heats a sample arranged in the space. A carrier gas introduction unit 40 introduces inert gas containing water vapor as carrier gas into the sample heating unit 30. A detection unit 35 detects carbon dioxide generated by steam reforming reaction of organic carbon in a sample in the sample heating unit 30.

A method in which a concentration of a chemical species of interest is obtained. The method comprises measuring a property (e.g. the oxidation reduction potential) of a reagent (typically based on a simple single electron redox couple) to obtain a baseline measurement. The reagent is mixed with the solution under test, then the property of the mixture is measured to obtain a post reaction measurement. Then the concentration of the chemical species of interest is determined based on the baseline measurement and the first post reaction measurement, typically by calculating a difference of the baseline measurement and the post reaction measurement, then using the difference and a pre-determined conversion table to determine the concentration of the chemical species of interest.

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) may include applying a periodic excitation signal via an electrode of a CGM sensor to human interstitial fluid to drive an oxidation/reduction reaction, and measuring the current through the electrode. In some embodiments, the measured current is sampled and digitized, and various harmonics of the excitation signal's fundamental frequency are extracted. A set of relationships of at least two harmonics each is generated from the spectral amplitudes of a set of pairs, triplets, etc., of the harmonics, and the set of relationships is mapped to a glucose concentration such as based on the contents of a harmonic relationship database having a pre-existing set of harmonic relationships and glucose concentrations to which those sets of harmonic relationships correspond, for example. Numerous other embodiments are provided.

The present invention relates generally to the generation of steam via the use of a combustion process to produce heat and, in one embodiment, to a device, system and/or method that enables one to control one or more process parameters of a combustion process so as to yield at least one desirable change in at least one downstream parameter. In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a system and/or method for controlling at least one process parameter of a combustion process so as to yield at least one desirable change in at least one downstream process parameter associated with one or more of a wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) unit, a particulate collection device and/or control of additives thereto and/or a nitrogen oxide control device and/or control of additives thereto and/or additives to the system.

A chemical indicator device for use in detecting exposure to an oxidizing agent, such as hydrogen peroxide, comprising a substrate or support upon which is disposed a chemical indicator composition (ink) for detecting an oxidizing agent, such as hydrogen peroxide. The chemical indicator composition further comprises an indicator dye that achieves a distinct range of different color changes with clear transitions between colors, upon exposure to different doses of the oxidizing agent, thus allowing for both a qualitative and semi-quantitative assessment of exposure to the agent.

A simplified reagent system for the analysis of arsenic in an acidic aqueous environment is disclosed. In accordance with the inventive technology, a two reagent system is provided. The first reagent includes a combination of an acidifying agent and an oxidizing agent, and is in particulate form. The second reagent is zinc in particulate form, and is beneficially used in the analysis in the presence of an effective amount of an agent for increasing the rate of arsine gas production.