A measurement circuit comprises an input terminal to receive a current signal, a first circuit branch coupled to the first terminal and including one or more circuit elements to receive a portion of the current signal, a second circuit branch coupled to the first terminal and including one or more additional circuit elements to receive another portion of the current signal, a nonlinear circuit element coupling the first circuit branch to the second circuit branch, and a quantization circuit configured to produce an input current measurement of current in the first and second circuit branches, and to include current in the second circuit branch in the input current measurement according to a magnitude of the input current signal.

A system for measuring voltage includes a pulse-width modulator or voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) configured to receive an input voltage waveform from a DUT, and to output a pulse-width modulated (PWM) signal or frequency modulated (FM) signal mapped to the input voltage waveform, respectively; an optical transmitter configured to be modulated by the PWM signal or the FM signal to output an optical pulse signal having pulse widths corresponding to pulse widths of the PWM signal or equal to the frequency of the FM signal, respectively; an optical receiver configured to receive the optical pulse signal over an optical link and to convert the optical pulse signal to an electrical current; a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) configured to convert the electrical current to a voltage signal; and at least one filter or detection circuit configured to recover the input voltage waveform or provide numeric values corresponding to the input voltage waveform.

An output module of an industrial control apparatus includes an output circuit controlling an electrical connection between a power supply terminal and an output terminal and a controller controlling an operation of the output circuit. The output circuit includes multiple switches, which are connected in series between the power supply terminal and the output terminal, and a voltage divider circuit outputting a divided voltage. The controller controls on/off states of the switches, and detects a short circuit of the switches based on the divided voltage. When the divided voltage detected during an off period while the multiple switches are in off states is within a normal voltage range, the controller determines that no short circuit is occurred. When the divided voltage detected during the off period is out of the normal voltage range, the controller determines that a short circuit is occurred in at least one of the switches.

A dead front connector including a housing, an electrical coupling configured to electrically connect a power cable to a device, and an indicator located on the housing. The dead front connector further including a voltage testing circuit configured to test a voltage between the power cable and the device and illuminate the indicator when the voltage is above a predetermined threshold.

A test verification circuit is described herein for verifying proper operation of a tested circuit, such as a voltage hazard warning circuit, using an N-channel MOSFET configured for switching ON and OFF the test verification circuit during a power outage, and a voltage source that provides an input voltage to the N-channel MOSFET from a conserved power supply. The N-channel MOSFET provides temporary power from a conserved power supply to the test verification circuit upon activation by a user during a power outage, and the test verification circuit determines whether the tested circuit has been de-energized, remains energized, or there remains inadequate power to complete the test.

A circuit comprises an optical coupling including an illuminator optically coupled to an optical sensor to output a voltage from the optical sensor based on intensity of illumination from the illuminator. The circuit includes a voltage input node with a resistance connected in series between the voltage input and a Zener diode. A method includes powering an illuminator with current from a first voltage input node. The method includes sensing illumination level in illumination from the illuminator with a sensor and outputting output proportionate to illumination sensed by the sensor indicative of voltage detected at the voltage input node. The method can include limiting current between the voltage input node and the illuminator.

A test verification circuit is described herein for verifying proper operation of a tested circuit, such as a voltage hazard warning circuit, using an N-channel MOSFET configured for switching ON and OFF the test verification circuit during a power outage, and a voltage source that provides an input voltage to the N-channel MOSFET from a conserved power supply. The N-channel MOSFET provides temporary power from a conserved power supply to the test verification circuit upon activation by a user during a power outage, and the test verification circuit determines whether the tested circuit has been de-energized, remains energized, or there remains inadequate power to complete the test.

The present disclosure describes an apparatus, system, and method of use for detecting electrical faults in a multiphase electric machine. Often in platforms which require redundant reliability or have no readily available electrical connection to earth use ungrounded electrical architectures. This allows the system to continue normal operation even if there is an unintended short circuit or current path (electrical fault) between a phase of an electric machine and its case or some other part of the platform. It is important to be able to readily identify any fault in the phase windings of machinery operating in an ungrounded electrical architecture. Since a single fault in an ungrounded system will not cause any additional current draw or otherwise affect the system, it can be difficult to detect that a fault has even occurred. This provides an advanced warning system.

A semiconductor device, overvoltage detection structure is described that includes a current path including a Zener diode connected in series with a fuse. The Zener diode is configured to conduct a current in response to an overvoltage condition at a semiconductor device and the fuse is configured to permanently break the current path of the overvoltage detection structure in response to the Zener diode conducting the current.

An arrangement includes a conductor, forming the primary side of a transformer, the secondary side being connected to a rectifier circuit. The rectifier output is connected to a voltage stabilizing circuit for an electronic unit and to a first series circuit formed by a first switching component and a first resistor. In the event of a first voltage value being reached at the first input of the voltage stabilizing circuit, the first switching component is switched to be conductive. The secondary current of the transformer flows via the first resistor to drop an electrical voltage across the first resistor. The electric current of conductor is determinable from the voltage. The use of just one transformer used both for energy generation and for current measurement makes it possible to realize a very compact and small design of a current measuring device having a simple construction.