A system and bent-pipe transponder component for determining a location of an individual or object in three dimensional space. The system includes a transmitter configured to transmit a first wireless electromagnetic signal at a first frequency and at least one transponder that is configured to responsively emit a second wireless electromagnetic signal having a second frequency that is frequency-shifted from the first frequency. An included receiver detecting the first and second wireless electromagnetic signals is configured to provide an output of location information for the at least one transponder. A bent-pipe transponder component may include a receiving antenna, an emitting antenna, and a frequency shift stage comprising an oscillator and a first mixer, with the frequency stage mixing a received first wireless electromagnetic signal with the output of the oscillator via the first mixer to produce the emitted second wireless electromagnetic signal.

A method (1) for passively locating a radio emission source (2a, 2b) is described. The method includes including receiving radio signal datasets (D) corresponding to each of three of more sensors (3). Each sensor (3) includes at least one radio receiver (4). The method also includes receiving or retrieving a physical location corresponding to each sensor (3). The physical locations define a convex hull (5). The method also includes determining whether an emitter signal (8) within a target frequency range is present in any of the radio signal datasets (D), and assigning any radio signal dataset which comprises the emitter signal as a detection dataset. The method also includes, in response to determining three or more detection datasets, calculating a signal location (r) based on arrival times of the emitter signal and the respective physical locations. The method also includes generating a locus of possible positions based on calculating two or more alternative signal locations. Each alternative signal location is calculated by adding synthetic noise to one or more of the detection datasets and repeating the calculations used to calculate the signal location. When the signal location is inside the convex hull, cluster filtering based on circles or spheres is applied. When the signal location is outside the convex hull, cluster filtering is based on ellipses or ellipsoids and on the locus of possible positions. The method also includes outputting one or more estimated radio emission source locations. Each estimated radio emission source location is determined based on a respective cluster of signal locations.

A method (1) for passively locating a radio emission source (2a, 2b) is described. The method includes including receiving radio signal datasets (D) corresponding to each of three of more sensors (3). Each sensor (3) includes at least one radio receiver (4). The method also includes receiving or retrieving a physical location corresponding to each sensor (3). The physical locations define a convex hull (5). The method also includes determining whether an emitter signal (8) within a target frequency range is present in any of the radio signal datasets (D), and assigning any radio signal dataset which comprises the emitter signal as a detection dataset. The method also includes, in response to determining three or more detection datasets, calculating a signal location (r) based on arrival times of the emitter signal and the respective physical locations. The method also includes generating a locus of possible positions based on calculating two or more alternative signal locations. Each alternative signal location is calculated by adding synthetic noise to one or more of the detection datasets and repeating the calculations used to calculate the signal location. When the signal location is inside the convex hull, cluster filtering based on circles or spheres is applied. When the signal location is outside the convex hull, cluster filtering is based on ellipses or ellipsoids and on the locus of possible positions. The method also includes outputting one or more estimated radio emission source locations. Each estimated radio emission source location is determined based on a respective cluster of signal locations.

Disclosed is a method for improving affinity of an antibody for an antigen, comprising, in an unmodified antibody, improving affinity for an antigen as compared to the unmodified antibody, by changing 77th, 79th and 81st amino acid residues of a light chain defined by Kabat method to charged amino acid residues.

The disclosure describes systems of navigating a hazardous environment. The system includes personal protective equipment (PPE) and computing device(s) configured to process sensor data from the PPE, generate pose data of an agent based on the processed sensor data, and track the pose data as the agent moves through the hazardous environment. The PPE may include an inertial measurement device to generate inertial data and a radar device to generate radar data for detecting a presence or arrangement of objects in a visually obscured environment. The PPE may include a thermal image capture device to generate thermal image data for detecting and classifying thermal features of the hazardous environment. The PPE may include one or more sensors to detect a fiducial marker in a visually obscured environment for identifying features in the visually obscured environment. In these ways, the systems may more safely navigate the agent through the hazardous environment.

A transmitting STA can transmit a sensing initiation frame to a first receiving STA in a wireless local area network (wireless LAN) system. The sensing initiation frame can include information related to an STA for transmitting a sounding frame and a session identifier (ID) related to an STA group that is to perform sensing. The transmitting STA can transmit the sounding frame to the first receiving STA. The transmitting STA can receive a first feedback frame for the sounding frame from the first receiving STA. The sounding frame can be a frame transmitted to identify a target. The first feedback frame can include information about a channel changed by means of the target. The sounding frame can include a null data packet announcement (NDPA) frame and a null data packet (NDP) frame.

A navigation device applied to a wireless identification tag includes a movable signal transceiver and an operation processor. The movable signal transceiver is adapted to transmit a detection signal and receive an actuation signal relevant to the detection signal. The operation processor is electrically connected to the movable signal transceiver. The operation processor is adapted to analyze the actuation signal to acquire relative position between the movable signal transceiver and the wireless identification tag, and generate a motion parameter in accordance with the relative position for moving the movable signal transceiver.

Systems and methods for sensing and monitoring various athletic performance metrics, e.g., during the course of a game, a practice, a training session, training drills, and the like, are described. These systems and methods can provide useful metrics for players and coaches relating to athletic performances in various sports, including various team sports.

The present document provides a method by which first vehicle-to-X (V2X) user equipment (UE) for supporting distance measurement transmits a ranging response signal in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: receiving a ranging request signal from second V2X UE; and transmitting, to the second V2X UE, the ranging response signal as a response to the ranging request signal on the basis of distance measurement parameter information, wherein the distance measurement parameter information includes information on a cyclic prefix (CP) length used for the ranging response signal, and the CP length used for the ranging response signal is different from a CP length to be used in V2X data channel transmission.

The present disclosure provides a body-part tracking device and a body-part tracking method. The body-part tracking device includes a first electronic component and a first antenna element. The first antenna element is electrically connected to the first electronic component and configured to receive a first wave. The first electronic component is configured to, in response to the first wave, transmit a second wave.