Disclosed is a lamp for a vehicle including a light source that outputs light, a light guide provided on a front side of the light source, and an inner lens provided on a front side of the light guide, the light guide includes an input area, into which the light is input from the light source, a reflection area connected to the input area, extending in one direction, and that totally reflects the light input from the input area, and an output area formed in an opposite direction to the input area with respect to the reflection area, connected to the reflection area, and in which the light reflected by the reflection area travels in a direction that faces the inner lens.

Control instructions are transmitted to receivers by modulating light sources to generate light beams that are modulated with digital data streams for inducing control instructions in the light beams. Each light beam is applied to a pixel shaper element of a pixel shaper assembly to produce a light pixel, each light pixel carrying the control instructions of the light beam, each light pixel having a perimeter defined by the pixel shaper element. The pixel shaper assembly combines the light pixels into an image without significant overlap or voids between the light pixels. The light pixels are directed toward a projector lens for transmission toward the receivers. In a receiver, an optical receiver detects a light pixel. A controller decodes the control instructions received in the detected light pixel and uses the control instructions to control a function of the receiver.

A method and an apparatus for collecting powder samples in real-time in powder bed fusion additive manufacturing may involves an ingester system for in-process collection and characterizations of powder samples. The collection may be performed periodically and uses the results of characterizations for adjustments in the powder bed fusion process. The ingester system of the present disclosure is capable of packaging powder samples collected in real-time into storage containers serving a multitude purposes of audit, process adjustments or actions.

A lighting lamp is provided. The lighting lamp includes a light module and a lens. The lens includes a lens body, provided with a first end and a second end which are opposite to each other and a side wall located between the first end and the second end, in which a light source of the lighting lamp is arranged at the first end, and at least a portion of the side wall is configured as a light emitting component. The lens also includes a light incident component, arranged at the first end of the lens body, in which the light incident component irradiates light emitted by the light source to the second end. The lens includes a light reflecting component, arranged at the second end of the lens body.

An optical device includes a reflector-section that includes a light-ingress surface for receiving light from a light source, a reflector surface for reflecting the light based on total internal reflection, and a light-egress surface through which the reflected light exits the optical device. When the light source is at a predetermined position with respect to the optical device, an angle of incidence (θ.sub.i) of the light at the light-egress surface is a polarization angle at which a p-polarized component of the light is transmitted through the light-egress surface without being reflected by the light-egress surface. Thus, unwanted reflections at the light-egress surface can be reduced and thereby unwanted scattering of light is reduced while having good transmitting efficacy.

One embodiment relates to a lens comprising: a lower end portion having an incident surface to which light is incident; and an upper end portion having an emitting surface allowing the light having passed through the incident surface to pass therethrough, wherein the ratio of an incidence angle and an emission angle on a first plane and/or the ratio of an incidence angle and an emission angle on a second plane is smaller than the ratio of an incidence angle and an emission angle on a third plane, the incidence angle is an angle of the light incident to the incident surface with respect to a center axis, the emission angle is an angle of the light emitted from the emitting surface with respect to the center axis, each of the first to third planes is a plane passing the center axis and is parallel to a first direction, the first plane is perpendicular to the second plane, the third plane is positioned between the first plane and the second plane, the center axis passes the center of the lens and is parallel to the first direction, and the first direction is a direction facing the lower end portion from the upper end portion.

An optical device includes a first plate having a first transparent region defining an exit face of the device, and a second plate having a second transparent region defining an entrance face of the device. At least one lens is formed over at least one of the first and second transparent regions. First and second planar reflectors are spaced apart and fixed between the first and second plates in mutually-parallel orientations diagonal to the first and second plates, thereby defining an optical path through the device from the entrance face, reflecting from the first and second reflectors, through the exit face and passing through the at least one refractive surface.

A lens diffusing light emitted from a light source includes a concave light-incident surface, a light guide portion, and a light-emitting surface. The light-incident surface includes a plane portion opposed to the light source and an optical function portion that is formed on the plane portion and one of scatters and diffuses the light. The light emitted from the light source enters the light-incident surface. The light that has entered the light-incident surface passes through the light guide portion. The light-emitting surface emits the light passed through the light guide portion.

A HUD system and light source apparatus can be manufactured with miniaturization at low cost. A head-up display apparatus includes: an image display apparatus generating image light to be projected; an optical system performing predetermined correction to the image light emitted from the image display apparatus; and a concave mirror reflecting the image light corrected by the optical system to project it onto a windshield or combiner. The image display apparatus includes: a solid light source; a collimating optical system converting, into parallel light, the light from the solid light source; a lighting optical system configured by an optical member that polarizes a direction of a light beam generated by the collimating optical system and simultaneously expands a width of the light beam; and a display apparatus, the image display apparatus being configured to be arranged across and opposite the optical system on an optical axis of the concave mirror.

An optic configuration including a PCBA with one or more LEDs mounted thereon to emit light through a lens and a reflector. The optic configuration may be assembled within a cavity of a lighting fixture. At least a portion of the emitted light may be subtended by the lens, such that the lens may subtend light through a number of regions (e.g., three distinct regions). At least a portion of the emitted light may be subtended by the reflector, such that the reflector may subtend light from a number of surfaces (e.g., four surfaces). At least a portion of the light subtended by the lens may further be subtended by the reflector. The light subtended by the lens and/or the reflector may form a beam pattern including a high intensity spot portion and a lower intensity flood portion.