Methods for singulating an optical waveguide material at a contour include directing a first laser beam onto a first side of the optical waveguide material to generate a first group of perforations in the optical waveguide material. A second laser beam is directed onto a second side of the optical waveguide material to generate a second group of perforations in the optical waveguide material. The second side is opposite the first side. The first group of perforations and the second group of perforations define a perforation zone at the contour. A third laser beam is directed at the perforation zone to singulate the optical waveguide material at the perforation zone.

Embodiments described herein may be related to apparatuses, processes, and techniques directed to dense integration of PICs in a substrate using an optical fanout structure that includes waveguides formed within a substrate to optically couple with the PICs at an edge of the substrate. One or more PICs may then be electrically with dies such as processor dies or memory dies. The one or more PICs may be located within a cavity in the substrate. The substrate may be made of glass or silicon. Other embodiments may be described and/or claimed.

Fiber laser having a monolithic laser resonator having laser affected zones for providing laser beams having wavelengths below 800 nm and from between 400 nm to 800 nm. Methods of using femtosecond lasers to form fiber Bragg gratings, volume Bragg gratings, space gratings, and laser beam delivery patterns for changing the index of refraction within optical fibers.

Methods for singulating an optical waveguide material at a contour include directing a first laser beam onto a first side of the optical waveguide material to generate a first group of perforations in the optical waveguide material. A second laser beam is directed onto a second side of the optical waveguide material to generate a second group of perforations in the optical waveguide material. The second side is opposite the first side. The first group of perforations and the second group of perforations define a perforation zone at the contour. A third laser beam is directed at the perforation zone to singulate the optical waveguide material at the perforation zone.

An aluminosilicate glass having a composition according to the following formula (I):

(100−(1+a.sub.1+b.sub.1).Math.x)SiO.sub.2.Math.(x)Al.sub.2O.sub.3.Math.(a.sub.1.Math.x)MO.Math.(b.sub.1.Math.x)R (wt %)  (I)

in which MO is alkaline earth metal oxide, the alkaline earth metal M being one or more of Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, R comprises alkali metal oxide, the alkali metal being one or more of Li, Na, and K, x is at least 15, a.sub.1 is at least 0.35, b.sub.1 is at least 0.55, and wherein the product of a.sub.1 and b.sub.1 is at least 0.22.

Embodiments provide an optical coupling apparatus, an optical module, and a communications device. In those embodiments, the optical coupling apparatus includes: an optical fiber component, including a plurality of optical fibers and an optical fiber fixing block. The plurality of optical fibers are fixed to the optical fiber fixing block. A first end face is disposed on the optical fiber fixing block. At least some of the optical fibers include plug ends which protrude from the first end face. An optical write waveguide block, including a main body and a plurality of waveguides disposed in the main body. A second end face is disposed on the main body, coupling holes that are in a one-to-one correspondence with the plug ends are disposed on the second end face in a recessed manner, and the coupling holes are formed when ends of the waveguides are recessed from the second end face.

Methods for singulating an optical waveguide material at a contour include directing a first laser beam onto a first side of the optical waveguide material to generate a first group of perforations in the optical waveguide material. A second laser beam is directed onto a second side of the optical waveguide material to generate a second group of perforations in the optical waveguide material. The second side is opposite the first side. The first group of perforations and the second group of perforations define a perforation zone at the contour. A third laser beam is directed at the perforation zone to singulate the optical waveguide material at the perforation zone.

Methods for singulating an optical waveguide material at a contour include directing a first laser beam onto a first side of the optical waveguide material to generate a first group of perforations in the optical waveguide material. A second laser beam is directed onto a second side of the optical waveguide material to generate a second group of perforations in the optical waveguide material. The second side is opposite the first side. The first group of perforations and the second group of perforations define a perforation zone at the contour. A third laser beam is directed at the perforation zone to singulate the optical waveguide material at the perforation zone.

A method of trimming the refractive index of material forming at least part of one or more structures integrated in one or more pre-fabricated devices, the method comprising: implanting one or more first regions of material of one or more pre-fabricated devices, encompassing at least partially one or more device structures, with ions to alter the crystal form of the material within the one or more first regions and change the refractive index of the material within the one or more first regions; and heat treating one or more second regions of material of the one or more devices, encompassing at least partially the one or more first regions, to alter the crystal form of the material within the one or more first regions encompassed by the one or more second regions and change the refractive index thereof, thereby trimming the refractive index of the material of at least part of the one or more device structures, such that the one or more device structures provide one or more predetermined device outputs.

Embodiments provide an optical coupling apparatus, an optical module, and a communications device. In those embodiments, the optical coupling apparatus includes: an optical fiber component, including a plurality of optical fibers and an optical fiber fixing block. The plurality of optical fibers are fixed to the optical fiber fixing block. A first end face is disposed on the optical fiber fixing block. At least some of the optical fibers include plug ends which protrude from the first end face. An optical write waveguide block, including a main body and a plurality of waveguides disposed in the main body. A second end face is disposed on the main body, coupling holes that are in a one-to-one correspondence with the plug ends are disposed on the second end face in a recessed manner, and the coupling holes are formed when ends of the waveguides are recessed from the second end face.