A spatial filter is made by forming a structure comprising a focusing element and an opaque surface, the opaque surface being disposed remotely from the focusing element in substantially the same plane as a focal plane of the focusing element; and by forming a pinhole in the opaque surface at or adjacent to a focal point of the focusing element by transmitting a substantially collimated laser beam through the focusing element so that a point optimally corresponding to the focal point is identified on the opaque surface and imperfection of the focusing element, if any, is reflected on the shape and position of the pinhole so formed.

A spatial filter is made by forming a structure comprising a focusing element and an opaque surface, the opaque surface being disposed remotely from the focusing element in substantially the same plane as a focal plane of the focusing element; and by forming a pinhole in the opaque surface at or adjacent to a focal point of the focusing element by transmitting a substantially collimated laser beam through the focusing element so that a point optimally corresponding to the focal point is identified on the opaque surface and imperfection of the focusing element, if any, is reflected on the shape and position of the pinhole so formed.

An imaging device is presented for use in an imaging system capable of improving the image quality. The imaging device has one or more optical systems defining an effective aperture of the imaging device. The imaging device comprises a lens system having an algebraic representation matrix of a diagonalized form defining a first Condition Number, and a phase encoder utility adapted to effect a second Condition Number of an algebraic representation matrix of the imaging device, smaller than said first Condition Number of the lens system.

The present disclosure provides a light detection apparatus and application thereof. The apparatus includes: a nonopaque cover plate, a display, and a photosensor, and further including a processor configured to transmit a display driving signal to the display when the apparatus detects a touch signal on the apparatus; wherein the display includes a plurality of display pixels configured to emit an optical signal when receiving the display driving signal transmitted by the processor, and the optical signal is reflected on an upper surface of the nonopaque cover plate to form a reflected optical signal; and wherein the reflected optical signal is received by the photosensor. By some embodiments of the present disclosure, obtained physiological feature information can be more accurate and identification precision can be effectively improved.

According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, it is possible to provide method, system, arrangement, computer-accessible medium and device to stimulate individual neurons in brain slices in any arbitrary spatio-temporal pattern, using two-photon uncaging of photo-sensitive compounds such as MNI-glutamate and/or RuBi-Glutamate with beam multiplexing. Such exemplary method and device can have single-cell and three-dimensional precision. For example, by sequentially stimulating up to a thousand potential presynaptic neurons, it is possible to generate detailed functional maps of inputs to a cell. In addition, it is possible to combine this exemplary approach with two-photon calcium imaging in an all-optical method to image and manipulate circuit activity. Further exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can include a light-weight, compact portable device providing for uses in a wide variety of applications.

According to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, it is possible to provide method, system, arrangement, computer-accessible medium and device to stimulate individual neurons in brain slices in any arbitrary spatio-temporal pattern, using two-photon uncaging of photo-sensitive compounds such as MNI-glutamate and/or RuBi-Glutamate with beam multiplexing. Such exemplary method and device can have single-cell and three-dimensional precision. For example, by sequentially stimulating up to a thousand potential presynaptic neurons, it is possible to generate detailed functional maps of inputs to a cell. In addition, it is possible to combine this exemplary approach with two-photon calcium imaging in an all-optical method to image and manipulate circuit activity. Further exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure can include a light-weight, compact portable device providing for uses in a wide variety of applications.

A quantitative phase microscopy (QPM) system and methods are provided for sample imaging and metrology in both transmissive and reflective modes. The QPM system includes a first illuminating beam propagating along a transmission-mode path and a second illuminating beam propagating along a reflection-mode path, a microscope objective lens disposed in the reflection-mode path, and a common-path interferometer comprising a diffraction grating, a Fourier lens, a pinhole, and a 2f system lens to collimate the reference beam and the imaging beam such that the collimated reference beam and imaging beam interfere with each other to form an interferogram at a final image plane.

An optical speckle receiver for receiving a speckle signal from a sample, the optical speckle receiver comprising an optical detector and an aperture and/or lens array. The aperture and array respectively comprise a plurality of apertures or lenses and is located between the sample and the optical detector such that the received speckle pattern is obtained from multiple discrete sample locations.

Certain aspects pertain to Fourier camera systems and methods. In one aspect, a Fourier camera comprises a first optical system, a second optical system, a variable aperture filter, and a light detector. The first optical system configured to receive illumination reflected from a curved sample surface. The variable aperture filter configured to move an aperture to a plurality of aperture locations in a Fourier plane, wherein the aperture filters light from the first optical system to the second optical system. The light detector configured to receive light from the second optical system, and configured to acquire a plurality of raw intensity images of the curved sample surface corresponding to the plurality of aperture locations, wherein the raw images are iteratively updated in overlapping regions in Fourier space to generate a focused, substantially uniform resolution image of the curved sample surface, and wherein the overlapping regions correspond to the plurality of aperture locations.

Certain aspects pertain to Fourier camera systems and methods. In one aspect, a Fourier camera comprises a first optical system, a second optical system, a variable aperture filter, and a light detector. The first optical system configured to receive illumination reflected from a curved sample surface. The variable aperture filter configured to move an aperture to a plurality of aperture locations in a Fourier plane, wherein the aperture filters light from the first optical system to the second optical system. The light detector configured to receive light from the second optical system, and configured to acquire a plurality of raw intensity images of the curved sample surface corresponding to the plurality of aperture locations, wherein the raw images are iteratively updated in overlapping regions in Fourier space to generate a focused, substantially uniform resolution image of the curved sample surface, and wherein the overlapping regions correspond to the plurality of aperture locations.