A photonic structure can include in one aspect one or more waveguides formed by patterning of waveguiding material adapted to propagate light energy. Such waveguiding material may include one or more of silicon (single-, poly-, or non-crystalline) and silicon nitride.

A highly-efficient ridge waveguide includes a base substrate of a single-crystal and a core substrate made of a nonlinear optical medium, the base substrate and the core substrate being directly bonded, and includes a thin film layer formed on a surface of the core substrate on the upper side of a periodically polarization-reversed structure, and becomes a wavelength conversion element. A direct bonding method through thermal diffusion is applied to bonding. The core substrate has a ridge structure formed in a light propagating direction and a reversed structure formed by processing this. A surface of the core substrate is ground and a thin film layer is formed on the ground surface. A core formed by digging a core layer of the core substrate in an unbonded state is provided on an upper surface of an undercladding layer of the base substrate in a bonded state. Two side surfaces of the core are in contact with an air layer.

An integrated optical device fabricated in the back end of line process located within the vertical span of the metal stack and having one or more advantages over a corresponding integrated optical device fabricated in the silicon on insulator layer.

An integrated optical device fabricated in the back end of line process located within the vertical span of the metal stack and having one or more advantages over a corresponding integrated optical device fabricated in the silicon on insulator layer.

An optical modulator includes a first Radio Frequency (RF) line and a second RF line; an optical waveguide along a length of the modulator with an input and an output; and a plurality of segments along the length including a first set of segments, a single RF line crossing, and a second set of segments, wherein the first set of segments and the second set of segments have an inversion of their respective orientation at the RF line crossing, and wherein the RF line crossing is located off center relative to the plurality of segments, wherein each of the first RF line and the second RF line extend along the length and cross one another at the RF line crossing.

A method for physically modifying at least one of at least one region of a surface of a substrate and at least one portion of the substrate, the substrate comprising a multicomponent glass, the method comprising the steps of: providing an apparatus and the substrate, the apparatus including a radiation source configured for generating a particle beam; feeding the substrate to the apparatus and applying a vacuum; modifying at least one of the at least one region of the surface of the substrate and the at least one portion of the substrate by an exposure to the particle beam.

Systems, devices, and techniques for performing wavelength division multiplexing or demultiplexing using one or more metamaterials in an optical communications systems are described. An optical device may be configured to shift one or more phase profiles of an optical signal using one or more stages of metamaterials to multiplex or demultiplex wavelengths of optical signals. The optical device may be an example of a stacked design with two or more stages of metamaterials stacked on top of one another. The optical device may be an example of a folded design that reflects optical signals between different stages of metamaterials.

Provided is a light detecting device including a light input device configured to receive light, a plurality of waveguides extending from the light input device, the plurality of waveguides being configured to transmit portions of the light received by the light input device, respectively, a plurality of modulators provided on the plurality of waveguides and configured to modulate phases of the portions of light transmitted in the plurality of waveguides, respectively, at least one graphene layer configured to absorb the portions of light transmitted in the plurality of waveguides, and at least one first electrode and at least one second electrode electrically connected to the at least one graphene layer, respectively.

An integrated optical device fabricated in the back end of line process located within the vertical span of the metal stack and having one or more advantages over a corresponding integrated optical device fabricated in the silicon on insulator layer.

An integrated optical device fabricated in the back end of line process located within the vertical span of the metal stack and having one or more advantages over a corresponding integrated optical device fabricated in the silicon on insulator layer.