The present disclosure discloses a dimming mirror and a manufacturing method thereof, and a dimming apparatus. The dimming mirror includes a dimming layer including a plurality of dimming units. Each of the dimming units includes a first driving structure and a second driving structure opposite to each other, and an elastic supporting structure disposed between the first driving structure and the second driving structure. The first and second driving structures and the elastic supporting structure enclose a dimming chamber. The first and second driving structures are configured to adjust a dimming angle of the dimming unit by adjusting a gap width of the dimming chamber, such that a response wavelength of the dimming mirror is adjusted. The present disclosure facilitates the improvement of the flexibility of the dimming mirror.

A photonic device that includes two electrodes and a two-dimensional (2D) material electrically connecting the two electrodes. The 2D material may be molybdenum ditelluride. Strain may be induced in the 2D material (e.g., by placing the 2D material on a waveguide) to reduce the band gap of the 2D material and increase the efficiency of the photodetector. The photonic device may be a photodetector with 2D material that absorbs light energy and converts it into a photocurrent in a circuit that includes the two electrodes. The photonic device may be an emitter with 2D material that emits light energy in response to an electric field across the two electrodes. The photonic device may be a modulator with 2D material that modulates a property of an optical signal (e.g., the amplitude or phase) by modulating the amount of strain induced in the 2D material.

Examples include a device including a nanovoided polymer element having a first surface and a second surface, a first plurality of electrodes disposed on the first surface, a second plurality of electrodes disposed on the second surface, and a control circuit configured to apply an electrical potential between one or more of the first plurality of electrodes and one or more of the second plurality of electrodes to induce a physical deformation of the nanovoided polymer element.

A spin-orbit torque (SOT) measuring apparatus includes a photoelastic modulator (PEM) configured to periodically modulate a polarization direction of linearly polarized incident light and emit a periodically modulated light, a first polarization rotator configured to rotate a polarization direction of the periodically modulated light, a voltage generator configured to generate an AC current to a sample to which light with the rotated polarization direction is to be emitted, a prism configured to split light reflected into first light and second light having different polarization directions, a balanced detector configured to output a signal corresponding to an intensity difference between the first light and the second light, a changing circuit configured to change a frequency component to the intensity difference, and an amplitude measurer configured to measure an amplitude of a frequency component corresponding to a modulation frequency of the PEM with the changed frequency component.

Apparatus is provided including an acoustic sensor (50) having an optical waveguide (20). The optical waveguide (20) includes a waveguide core (202) having a waveguide core refractive index and a waveguide core photo-elastic coefficient, and an over-cladding layer (204) coupled to the waveguide core (202) and including an optically transparent polymer having an over-cladding refractive index and an over-cladding photo-elastic coefficient. The waveguide core refractive index is greater than the over-cladding refractive index, and the over-cladding photo-elastic coefficient is greater than the waveguide core photo-elastic coefficient. Other applications are also described.

Apparatus include a photoelastic modulator (PEM) optical element, a controller having a frequency generator configured to produce a frequency signal at a selected frequency based on a clock signal of the controller wherein the controller is configured to produce a PEM driving signal based on the frequency signal, a PEM transducer coupled to the PEM optical element and the controller and configured to drive the PEM with the PEM driving signal, and a detector optically coupled to the PEM optical element and configured to receive a PEM modulated output and to produce a PEM detection signal that includes a PEM modulation signal, wherein the controller is configured to receive the PEM detection signal and to extract the PEM modulation signal from the PEM detection signal using the frequency signal and the clock signal.

An electrowetting display device comprising a first support plate including: a surface; and a first electrode, a second support plate; and a protrusion having a protrusion surface. The protrusion is formed as part of at least one of the first or second support plates. The protrusion has an elongate shape extending from one to the other of the first or second support plates. The device further comprises a first fluid adjoining at least one of the protrusion surface or the surface of the first support plate; a second fluid immiscible with the first fluid; a second electrode in electrical contact with the second fluid; and a third electrode.

An acoustic sensor includes a layer sequence which can be caused to vibrate, and at least one detection element which is in mechanical contact with the layer sequence and is designed to convert vibrations into electrical signals. The layer sequence is a radiation-emitting layer sequence.

Aspects of the disclosure include suppression of optical interference fringes in optical spectra via a modification to the refractive index of media that forms or is contained in one or more components of equipment utilized for optical spectroscopy. Such a modification can yield changes in the optical path of light propagating through at least one of the media, with the ensuing changes in the spectral structure of interference between light propagating through different optical paths. In certain embodiments, the refractive index of the media that forms or is contained in one or more components can be modified via application of a time-dependent stimulus to at least one of the one or more components. The applied stimulus can include pressure, mechanical strain or stress, temperature, a combination thereof, or the like.

The present invention relates to a Photoelastic Modulator (PEM), particularly to a novel polarized light modulator structure based on a photoelastic effect. The PEM, which controls driving voltages of two groups of piezoelectric actuators, is able to implement polarized light modulation having a relatively large optical path difference, and polarized light modulator having a fast modulation shaft moving circumferentially, and the PEM operates stably without a moving component. The present invention includes the piezoelectric actuators, a light pass crystal and a driver controller. Two light pass faces of the light pass crystal are parallel regular octagons directly facing each other, and identical rectangles are formed by side faces of the light pass crystal. The piezoelectric actuators are in soft connection with middle positions of the rectangles by connection rubber layers. The width directions of the piezoelectric actuators are consistent with the direction of the light pass thickness of the light pass crystal, and the widths are slightly larger than the light pass thickness. The piezoelectric actuators are connected with electric output ends on the driver controller by electric adapters. This aspect is mainly applied to PEMs.