An integrated optical transmission element may be provided. The integrated optical transmission element includes an optical cavity including an input port and an output port, and photorefractive material within the optical cavity. A transmission of light from the input port to the output port is persistently changeable by an optical control signal provided to the photorefractive material, the optical control signal being configured to change a refractive index.

Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a photorefractive layer stack. A plurality of layers are stacked along in a stacking direction and designed so as to enable a photorefractive response. That is, a refractive index of the plurality of layers modulates in response to illuminating the plurality of layers with an optical pattern of modulated intensity. A plurality of electrically insulated areas are arranged in a plane perpendicular to the stacking direction. The plurality of electrically insulated areas are optically homogenous and prevent lateral diffusion between any two electrically insulated areas of the plurality of electrically insulated areas.

An integrated optical transmission element may be provided. The integrated optical transmission element includes an optical cavity including an input port and an output port, and photorefractive material within the optical cavity. A transmission of light from the input port to the output port is persistently changeable by an optical control signal provided to the photorefractive material, the optical control signal being configured to change a refractive index.

Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a photorefractive layer stack. A plurality of layers are stacked along in a stacking direction and designed so as to enable a photorefractive response. That is, a refractive index of the plurality of layers modulates in response to illuminating the plurality of layers with an optical pattern of modulated intensity. A plurality of electrically insulated areas are arranged in a plane perpendicular to the stacking direction. The plurality of electrically insulated areas are optically homogenous and prevent lateral diffusion between any two electrically insulated areas of the plurality of electrically insulated areas.

An anti-glare device comprising: a first electrode and a second electrode configured to be opposite to each other; an anti-glare layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode; and a reflector layer provided on the second electrode, wherein the anti-glare layer comprises a plurality of deflection molecules, which are capable of switching between an ordered deflection and a disordered arrangement when different voltage differences are applied between the first electrode and the second electrode; and the reflector layer is configured to reflect a light passing through the first electrode and transmitting through the anti-glare layer. In the anti-glare device, the multi-stable liquid crystal molecules or the Bi-stable liquid crystal molecules have a property of ordered arrangement during power on and disordered arrangement during power off, whether or not performing anti-glare function can be automatically switched, and an automatic partition control may be realized as well.

A BLU includes a 2D array of LEDs producing light with an angular distribution of nominally ?90 degrees around a center. A transparent solid material layer is positioned with a bottom surface over the 2D array of LEDs and configured to transform the light produced by the 2D array into light having an angular distribution of nominally less than ?90 degrees around the at a top surface of the transparent solid material layer. A diffuser film is positioned over the top surface of the transparent solid material layer configured to provide a FWHM of greater than 60 degrees and configured to diffuse the light produced at the top surface of the transparent solid material layer to produce diffused light at a top surface of the diffuser film. A BEF positioned over the top surface of the diffuser film and comprising a plurality of prism microstructures, where at least some prism microstructures have an apex angle of approximately ninety degrees. The BEF configured to narrow an angular optical distribution of the diffused light produced at the top surface of the diffuser film, thereby providing uniform and high brightness light output from the back light unit.

A phase difference element has a transparent substrate and a birefringent film with tantalum oxide and titanium oxide obliquely deposited on one surface of the transparent substrate. The birefringent film has a first photorefractive film and a second photorefractive film laminated to each other and having different oblique deposition directions. The ratio of titanium atoms to the total of titanium atoms and tantalum atoms in the birefringent film is 4.0 atomic % or higher to 30 atomic % or lower.

A BLU includes a 2D array of LEDs producing light with an angular distribution of nominally 90 degrees around a center. A transparent solid material layer is positioned with a bottom surface over the 2D array of LEDs and configured to transform the light produced by the 2D array into light having an angular distribution of nominally less than 90 degrees around the at a top surface of the transparent solid material layer. A diffuser film is positioned over the top surface of the transparent solid material layer configured to provide a FWHM of greater than 60 degrees and configured to diffuse the light produced at the top surface of the transparent solid material layer to produce diffused light at a top surface of the diffuser film. A BEF positioned over the top surface of the diffuser film and comprising a plurality of prism microstructures, where at least some prism microstructures have an apex angle of approximately ninety degrees. The BEF configured to narrow an angular optical distribution of the diffused light produced at the top surface of the diffuser film, thereby providing uniform and high brightness light output from the back light unit.

An anti-glare device comprising: a first electrode and a second electrode configured to be opposite to each other; an anti-glare layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode; and a reflector layer provided on the second electrode, wherein the anti-glare layer comprises a plurality of deflection molecules, which are capable of switching between an ordered deflection and a disordered arrangement when different voltage differences are applied between the first electrode and the second electrode; and the reflector layer is configured to reflect a light passing through the first electrode and transmitting through the anti-glare layer. In the anti-glare device, the multi-stable liquid crystal molecules or the Bi-stable liquid crystal molecules have a property of ordered arrangement during power on and disordered arrangement during power off, whether or not performing anti-glare function can be automatically switched, and an automatic partition control may be realized as well.

A BLU includes a 2D array of LEDs, wherein a number of rows in the two-dimensional array is less than a number of columns in the two-dimensional array, and at least one LED in the two-dimensional array produces light with an angular distribution of nominally 90 degrees around a center of the at least one LED. A transparent solid material layer is positioned with a bottom surface over the 2D array of LEDs that is configured to transform the light produced by the 2D array of LEDs into light having an angular distribution of nominally less than 90 degrees around the center of the at least one LED at a top surface of the transparent solid material layer. A diffuser film is positioned over the top surface of the transparent solid material layer and is configured to provide a FWHM of greater than 60 degrees and configured to diffuse the light produced at the top surface of the transparent solid material layer to produce diffused light at a top surface of the diffuser film. A pair of cross BEFs is positioned over the top surface of the diffuser film and includes a plurality of prism microstructures where at least some prism microstructures have an apex angle of approximately ninety degrees. A polarizer reflector film is positioned over the pair of cross BEF and is configured to transmit one polarization and to reflect another polarization.