According to various embodiments, a solid-state light detection and ranging (LiDAR) transmitter includes a tunable optical metasurface to selectively steer incident optical radiation long an azimuth axis. In some embodiments, different subsets of lasers in an array of lasers are activated to generate optical radiation for incidence on the metasurface at different angles of incidence on an elevation axis for unsteered deflection by the metasurface at corresponding angles of elevation. In some embodiments, a prism is positioned relative to the tunable optical metasurface to deflect the optical radiation from the optical assembly by the optical radiation source for incidence on the metasurface at an angle of incidence that is between the first steering angle and the second steering angle, such that the optical radiation incident on the metasurface and the steered output optical radiation from the metasurface spatially overlap within the prism.

An optical component comprising a planar metasurface arranged on a surface of a first substrate and a top layer arranged in a height direction Z above the metasurface, wherein the metasurface comprises a plurality of scattering structures, wherein a dielectric material is deposited on a subset of the plurality of scattering structures, wherein an active media is sandwiched between the metasurface and the top layer, wherein an incident electromagnetic radiation is transmitted or reflected by the optical component, wherein a phase profile modulation is induced on the incident electromagnetic radiation during the reflection or transmission.

A thin-film optical device disclosed herein includes a metalens able to modulate the phase of incident light. The metalens includes a thin-film layer having a first index of refraction, an embedded layer within the thin-film layer, and the embedded layer having a second index of refraction greater than or equal to 1.5 and less than or equal to 3.0 times the first index of refraction. The embedded layer may fill a plurality of holes formed on the thin film layer, with the depth, width, and spacing of holes all contribute to modulating the phase of light traveling through the metalens.

The present application provides a display panel and a manufacturing method of the display panel. When an electrochromic layer is completely closed, a metasurface structure and an electrowetting structure reflect a light with corresponding wavelength to form a reflection state. When the electrochromic layer is partially closed, the metasurface structure and the electrowetting structure corresponding to a part of the closed electrochromic layer reflect the light with corresponding wavelength to form the reflection state, and the light penetrates through the wetted metasurface structure and a part of the unclosed electrochromic layer to form a transparent state.

Provided are an optical modulating device and a system including the optical modulating device. The optical modulating device includes a substrate, and a phase modulator formed on the substrate and including a Fabry-Perot cavity. The Fabry-Perot cavity of the phase modulator includes a first reflective layer, a second reflective layer, and a tunable core formed between the first reflective layer and the second reflective layer, wherein the tunable core is formed of a semiconductor material and is configured to modulate a phase of light corresponding to modulation of a refractive index of the tunable core according to electrical control.

Embodiments relate to a photonic component having a metasurface. The metasurface includes a substrate with a thin-layer of meta-atoms disposed thereon. The photonic component includes a waveguide having a top surface, wherein the metasurface is disposed on at least a portion of the top surface such that the meta-atoms form an array on the top surface. The photonic component includes a sandwich nano-bar antenna formed in or on the metasurface.

An active metasurface includes a number of periodically-repeated unit cells arranged on a substrate, each of the unit cells including a high-index dielectric block; a heat source positioned to selectively modulate heat applied to the high-index dielectric block; and an insulating undercut region at an interface between the high-index dielectric block and the substrate.

A metasurface unit cell for use in constructing a metasurface array is provided. The unit cell may include a ground plane layer comprising a first conductive material, and a phase change material layer operably coupled to the ground plane layer. The phase change material layer may include a phase change material configured to transition between an amorphous phase and a crystalline phase in response to a stimulus. The unit cell may further include a patterned element disposed adjacent to the phase change material layer and includes a second conductive material. In response to the phase change material transitioning from a first phase to a second phase, the metasurface unit cell may resonate to generate an electromagnetic signal having a defined wavelength. The first phase may be the amorphous phase or the crystalline phase and the second phase may be the other of the amorphous phase or the crystalline phase.

Provided are an optical modulating device and a system including the optical modulating device. The optical modulating device includes a substrate, and a phase modulator formed on the substrate and including a Fabry-Perot cavity. The Fabry-Perot cavity of the phase modulator includes a first reflective layer, a second reflective layer, and a tunable core formed between the first reflective layer and the second reflective layer, wherein the tunable core is formed of a semiconductor material and is configured to modulate a phase of light corresponding to modulation of a refractive index of the tunable core according to electrical control.

Embodiments of metasurfaces having nanostructures with desired geometric profiles and configurations are provided in the present disclosure. In one embodiment, a metasurface includes a nanostructure formed on a substrate, wherein the nanostructure is cuboidal or cylindrical in shape. In another embodiment, a metasurface includes a plurality of nanostructures on a substrate, wherein each of the nanostructures has a gap greater than 35 nm spaced apart from each other. In yet another embodiment, a metasurface includes a plurality of nanostructures on a substrate, wherein the nanostructures are fabricated from at least one of TiO.sub.2, silicon nitride, or amorphous silicon, or GaN or aluminum zinc oxide or any material with refractive index greater than 1.8, and absorption coefficient smaller than 0.001, the substrate is transparent with absorption coefficient smaller than 0.001.