An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive support in which (i) a recessed portion having an opening diameter of greater than 400 μm and (ii) a recessed portion having an opening diameter of from 100 μm to 400 μm and a ratio of a depth to an opening diameter of greater than 0.12 are not present on an outer peripheral surface, wherein even in a case where a first recessed portion having an opening diameter of from 100 μm to 400 μm and a ratio of a depth to an opening diameter of 0.12 or less is present on the outer peripheral surface of the conductive support and a second recessed portion on which the first recessed portion is reflected is present on the outer peripheral surface of an outermost layer, a ratio of a depth to an opening diameter of the second recessed portion is not greater than 0.030.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member, in which occurrences of image defects are suppressed, and a method for manufacturing the electrophotographic photosensitive member are provided. In addition, a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus, which include the electrophotographic photosensitive member, are provided. The surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a cured material, and the cured material is a copolymer of a hole transport compound having a chain-polymerizable functional group and a vinyl ester compound containing a long-chain alkyl group.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains at least a charge generating material, a charge transport material, and a binder resin. The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin. The polyarylate resin is represented by general formula (1) shown below. In general formula (1), X represents a divalent group represented by chemical formula (1-1), (1-2), (1-3), or (1-4) shown below.

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The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising: a conductive support; and a photosensitive layer on the conductive support, wherein the photosensitive layer contains a charge transport substance, a binder resin, and a compound which has a molecular weight of equal to or less than 350, and is represented by General Formula (1).

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor which is a positive charging type electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive support and a photosensitive layer on the conductive support, wherein the photosensitive layer contains at least a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin in the same layer, and a residual potential VL.sub.1 at a point at which an exposure amount for forming a latent image is 0.3 μJ/cm.sup.2 is equal to or lower than 130 V when an initial surface potential V0 is set to +700 V, exposure with monochromatic light of 780 nm is performed and measurement is performed by a dynamic method.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes: a conductive holder; and at least a charge producing layer and a charge transport layer disposed on the conductive holder in order. The charge transport layer contains at least a binder resin, a charge transport agent and a p-type metal oxide particle.

A conductive support for an electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cylindrical member containing aluminum, wherein the cylindrical member has an arithmetic mean roughness Ra of 1.3 μm or less, a maximum height of roughness profile Rz of 5.0 μm or less, and a mean width of roughness profile elements RSm in an axial direction of 80 μm to 400 μm.

Shaping a photoconductive drum includes preparing a dispersion having a charge generation composition and dipping an elongated support element into the dispersion. Withdrawing from the dispersion portions of the support element at different speeds results in different thicknesses of charge generation composition on the support element. Faster withdrawal results in thicker charge generation composition than does slower withdrawal. Portions with thicker composition provide denser optical densities compared to thinner composition allowing tailoring the photoconductive drum to compensate for imperfect optical scanning systems. Coating the support element with a charge transport layer occurs next, then curing. Oxidation of the support element may occur prior to application of the charge generation composition. A protective overcoat may also exist over the charge transport layer.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate including an outer peripheral surface treated with a silazane; and a photosensitive layer on the outer peripheral surface of the conductive substrate. The photosensitive layer includes a charge generating material and a charge transporting material.

A method for producing a metal cylinder includes preparing a metal slug having a surface adjusted so that the crystal grain diameter at a depth of 10 μm from the surface is smaller than that at a depth of 100 μm from the surface, and the crystal grain diameter at a depth of 10 μm from the surface is 30 μm or more and 120 μm or less; and forming a cylinder by impact pressing of the metal slug having the surface as a bottom.